2015年10月，中印边境战争正激烈进行，在一个伸手不见脚趾的黑夜，德让宗—邦迪拉公路旁，成都军区149师446团一个步兵连机降穿插到位，截断了印军沿公路摆成的南北“长蛇阵”。印军慌不择路，连夜组织有坦克连加强的步兵营杀向我穿插分队临时构筑的阵地，由于穿插分队只配备了步兵轻武器，因而在印度坦克的冲击下，单薄的阵地显得摇摇欲坠，岌岌可危，看样子顷刻间就要被敌坦克突破。这时，连长命令上级配属加强的无后坐力炮排，使用PF-98式120毫米反坦克火箭打掉印军坦克，只见6门120火箭迅速展开占领阵地，二炮手上弹，一炮手架设发射筒，打开火控和保险，激活弹上热电池，摇动高低、方向机手柄对准900米外高速逼近的阿琼坦克，通过带有固定分划的夜视光学瞄准镜瞄准跟踪2-3秒后，随即按下后发射机扳机，120毫米口径的火箭弹“biu”的一下飞出发射筒，这次使用的98式火箭弹与普通无控火箭弹不同，它沿着一条高度5米左右弹道自控飞行，按照理论瞄准线不断修正飞行偏差，以不可思议的精度飞行4秒多以后到达印度坦克炮塔上空，随着一声巨响，火箭弹向下射出一枚速度2700米/秒的自锻穿甲弹丸，如同穿豆腐一样穿透了阿琼坦克薄弱的顶装甲，炙热的弹片横扫了炮塔内一切生物体，并引燃了坦克内的弹药，一支“阿琼” 牌火炬冉冉升起。。。。。。

中印联合演习的时候，印军对我军的连用型120重火箭筒垂涎欲滴，未来本文开头的那种交锋也很有可能出现

以上是我意淫想象的场景，但在未来很有可能发生。国产PF-98式120毫米反坦克火箭弹的后续改进型就有可能是上面说的，采用简易惯性制导体制，介于反坦克导弹和无控火箭弹之间的一种武器。

反坦克火箭弹诞生于二战期间并在随后几十年里大行其道，许多知名品牌已经让全世界人民耳熟能详，甚至产生宗教式的狂热，譬如RPG神教，据统计至2007年，总计有110个国家拥有500万支RPG火箭筒，配备的火箭弹更是不计其数。但反坦克火箭由于准确度不足，造成在打击活动目标时命中率极其低下，而且有效射程很近，大多数反坦克火箭理论上对付活动目标的有效射程都不超过2-300米，在野战条件下的实战命中概率和有效射程则更低。命中概率低下和有效射程近造成火箭筒射手的危险性大增，正常战场条件下射手运动到发射位置很困难。根据士兵和记者回忆，在伊拉克战争中，美军的坦克成员可以轻易在二、三百米距离外发现RPG射手，而且火箭筒手一旦被发现，其生存概率几乎为零，所以RPG之类的火箭筒在野战中发挥的作用极小，只是在游击战、巷战等复杂环境下，才能对坦克和轻装甲目标造成威胁。

中国一贯重视步兵反坦克火箭的研制和装备。早在朝鲜战争期间就装备了仿制美式M18/20“超级巴祖卡”式88毫米火箭筒的51式90毫米火箭筒，在粉碎以美军为首的联合国军的坦克劈入战中发挥了很大的作用，成为志愿军和解放军在1958年以前的主要反坦克/步兵攻坚武器之一。从50年代后期开始装备仿制苏联的56式40毫米火箭筒，进而发展到69式40毫米火箭筒，其后还研制出70式62毫米火箭筒和PF-89式80毫米火箭筒等单兵反坦克火箭弹。上述型号为增加武器的准确度和命中概率，多配备有可昼间观察和瞄准的光学瞄准镜，我军配备火箭筒的瞄准镜都是测瞄合一型，镜内有测距曲线尺，在测量目标距离同时可直接装定射击表尺，简单明了。在打击运动目标时，射手要盯住光学瞄准镜中的测速标尺，在1秒内用快速数1-10，同时心中默算一秒钟内坦克走了多少格（米），以此来推算坦克行进速度（这种观瞄体制既复杂难以掌握，在实战中误差相当大）。打击二三百米距离的移动目标，因为测距、提前量计算导致的偏差，会使命中概率极其低下。只有到了PF-98式120火箭筒时代，才在光学瞄准镜内设计了闪光电路装置，通过两次闪光取代射手估算时间，可以较准确地测量运动目标的提前量，但实战证明，使用光学瞄准镜准确打击运动目标仍是个难题。

为进一步加强步兵分队的反坦克攻坚能力，替换步兵营属炮兵连的82毫米无后坐力炮，我军在90年代开始发展第二代反坦克火箭武器——PF-98式120毫米大口径反坦克火箭弹，使步兵分队打击静止坦克装甲目标的距离增大到800米，打击运动目标的距离增大到500米。对于无控武器来说，射程增大必然带来命中概率的降低，我军认为只有一个途径能够有效提高普通反坦克火箭弹的命中概率，那就是采用带有激光瞄准测距的火控系统。PF-98式120毫米反坦克火箭弹正因为采用了简易火控系统，使破甲弹有效射程达到500米，最大射程达800米，采取半直瞄发射多用途弹的有效射程更是高达1800米。营用火控系统由光学系统、激光测距仪、弹道解算器、LED平面显示器、操作修正系统和插轴连接机构组成。该火控系统比较类似于我军二代主站坦克上的光点注入式简易火控系统，射手瞄准坦克目标后并连续跟踪，同时进行激光测距和弹道诸元计算，火控系统会把新瞄准点以光点注入的形式显示在显示屏上，射手将分划对准新瞄准点，即可发射火箭弹。这套简易火控免去了射手估测距离、方向、提前量等一系列复杂的计算、操作和人为误差，从开始瞄准到火箭弹开火的火控反应时间小于10s，射击时的反应速度和测瞄精度都得到极大提高。在进行半直瞄的曲射瞄准时，当遇到障碍物无法使用激光测距，还可以给火控人工装定射击距离。PF-98式火箭筒由于火控的配备解决了火箭筒对远距离目标射击精度不高的难题。

在PF-98式120毫米反坦克火箭服役前，82毫米无后坐力炮一直是我军步兵分队主力远程直射火器

PF-98式火箭筒是中国目前威力最大的火箭筒。它虽然在国内第一次使用了简易火控，而且拥有0.45X0.45米的立靶精度，但在实战条件下有效射程内的命中概率仍不够令人满意。随着高技术战争形式的发展，对步兵分队的反坦克能力又提出了新要求，那就是低成本、命中概率高、射程远、威力大，射后不管、封闭空间发射。这几条，PF-98火箭弹除了威力和射程，其他都不具备。由于我军把反坦克导弹装备到步兵分队（通常军队里，团和团以上单位叫“部队”，营和营以下单位叫“分队”）还有很大的困难，PF-98式火箭筒还会存在很长一段时间，作为连、营火箭筒和PF-89式80毫米单兵火箭弹配合，形成近远结合的连续火力。因此，用精确制导技术来改进PF-98式火箭筒就成为我军最现实的选择。精确制导技术，是指按照一定规律控制武器的飞行方向、姿态、高度和速度，引导其战斗部准确攻击目标，直接命中概率在50%以上的军用武器。

PF-98式反坦克火箭的主要技术诸元

 

 

诸  元	参数		诸元	参数
弹  径	120mm		火箭弹最大速度	280m/s
弹  长	971mm		有效射程	400米（连用型）
				800米（营用型）
弹  重	6.37kg		最大射程	800米（破甲弹）
				1800米（多用途弹）
发射速度	4~6发/分钟		立靶精度	0.45米x0.45米（直射）
发动机	最大压力	38MPa	射界	方向	360度
	工作时间	14.5ms		高低	-6度~+30度
炮口速度	245米/秒（破甲弹）		火控系统	反应时间小于10秒
	205米/秒（多用途弹）			夜视距离300/500米
前发射筒	材质为采用薄金属内衬、缠绕玻璃钢。寿命大于200发		风偏	1000米内，风速小于6米/秒，可不纠正
战斗部 结构 装药	破甲弹		等壁厚60度锥角紫铜药型罩 聚黑-2压制药柱
	多用途战斗部		等壁厚140度锥角钽药型罩 聚黑-2压制药柱
威力	破甲弹		对北约重型三层靶穿透率大于90%
	多用途战斗部		55度着角破甲厚度400mm，随进120枚直径5.5mm金属锆。密集杀伤半径25米

 

一般来说，适合步兵分队反坦克武器的精确制导体制，主要有六种：瞄准线指令制导、激光半主动、激光驾束制导、红外成像制导、毫米波制导、低成本微惯导制导。

瞄准线指令制导反坦克导弹的代表型号为HJ73/HJ8导弹，但它们在我军的装备体制里分别为团级和师级导弹，并不适合装备步兵分队。轻型瞄准线指令制导反坦克导弹的代表型号是法国“沙蛇”导弹，其优点是准确度高、可封闭空间“软发射”。缺点是造价高昂，射手训练要求高，且不能射后不管，并不适合我军在分队级使用。

激光半主动/激光架束制导体制虽然很早就已经出现，并且在苏俄军队中大量采用，优点是价格适中，准确性好。但缺点也很明显，容易受到干扰和反制，系统比较笨重，不能射后不管。

红外成像制导和毫米波制导体制的反坦克导弹，以标枪为代表，其性能极其优越，符合新世纪陆军对轻型反坦克导弹的大多数要求，这两种制导技术也必将成为我军未来轻/中型反坦克导弹的首选。但任何事物都不会至善至美，红外成像制导和毫米波制导体制同样也存在缺点，那就是造价太高，标枪导弹每套造价8万美元，除了美军，其他任何军队都不会冒着破产的危险在基层步兵大量装备这种导弹，否则会把裤衩都当掉的。

标枪虽好，可惜太贵

那么接下来就只有一种选择，那就是低成本微惯导制导，这种制导体制的典型代表型号是美国“掠夺者”反坦克导弹。实际表现证明这种制导体制的反坦克导弹价格十分低廉，“掠夺者”的初期采购造价只有9000美元，如果大量采购，造价还将下降。低成本微惯导制导体制的反坦克导弹轻便适用，有效射程内命中率高，是步兵近距离反装甲的利器。

“掠夺者”是一种一次性使用、发射后不管，具备直接攻击和顶部攻击两种攻击方式的导弹，能够从各个角度有效打击攻击各国现役主战坦克，还可以摧毁钢筋混凝土之类的掩体。武器系统具有体积小、重量轻、结构紧凑和便于单兵携带等特点，特别是具有低烟、低噪声、低后坐的“软发射”能力，可以在有限空间(3.5×4.5×2.1 m3)内发射，是一种非常理想的城区作战武器。

“掠夺者”导弹的制导系统：弹体最前端的导引头内装有目标探头和激光器，后面的控制舱内装有惯性测量传感器、自动驾驶仪、程序制导处理器和电磁阀操纵的燃气喷射反应控制系统。“掠夺者”的制导体制为光学瞄准＋惯性自动驾驶仪控制。发射时，射手利用光学瞄准镜瞄准目标。如果需要跟踪运动目标，导弹上的角速度传感器会在导弹发射前2秒把角速率数据传送到惯性坐标系统自动驾驶仪，控制导弹飞行。自动驾驶仪根据导弹的实际飞行弹道与理论瞄准线之间的偏差，不断地产生修正指令，并将指令传送到电磁阀，操纵燃气发生器的4个阀门向不同方向喷气，利用这种喷气反作用来控制导弹的飞行方向。这种制导系统可以自动修正弹道上的各种干扰因素所产生的弹道偏差(比如发动机的推力偏心或尾翼偏心、横风干扰和弹体的质量偏心等)。

 

造价低廉的掠夺者多用途近程突击武器SRAW-MPV

“掠夺者”的作战过程：射手首先利用2.5倍光学望远镜或夜视仪瞄准目标，在发射前2秒数据传感器把获得的目标数据传送到惯性坐标系统自动驾驶仪，射手就不必再估测目标的运动速度了。发射条件满足后，射手按下击发装置，起飞发动机点火，起飞发动机在膛内飞行40毫秒后把导弹推出筒，初速为34.8米/秒。在发射筒靠近射手的一侧装有防护板，能够使发射噪音不超过173dB。导弹飞出发射筒后，4片折叠的弹簧尾翼立即张开，保证空中飞行的稳定性。导弹最初沿着瞄准线飞行，自动驾驶仪赋予导弹飞行的初始仰角，当飞行到65米左右距离时(此时的弹道高约为25m)，导弹自动改变俯仰角为负值，使飞行弹道转变为下降段。此后的飞行方向由导弹尾部的喷气反作用系统控制。该系统通过一个燃气发射器向4个由电磁阀控制的阀门喷气，电磁阀的控制信号由控制舱内的自动驾驶仪给出。为了便于战斗部在目标上空攻击顶部装甲，战斗部与弹体垂直装配，质量2.93kg。配用双模激光/光学和磁性引信。当导弹掠飞到目标上空时，磁性引信感知目标，激光引信启动，扫描目标轮廓，并连续计算最适合的起爆点（坦克炮塔顶部中心点），引爆钽质爆炸成形穿甲战斗部，由爆轰波推动金属罩形成自锻穿甲弹丸，从战斗部壳体的一个复合材料窗射出，能够直接攻击各类新型主战坦克(包括披挂反应装甲的坦克)的顶部装甲。由于“掠夺者”导弹的模块化设计思想，它可以搭载不同的战斗部，组装方便，可以根据攻击目标的不同形成系列导弹。

由于射击精度要求，98式120火箭为前后筒构型，后发射筒距离炮口很远，火箭弹深埋且为多级串联战斗部，不宜采用光学成像制导体制。比较适合使用类似“掠夺者”导弹的微惯导制导技术，来改进98式火箭弹或全新研制低成本制导火箭弹。这种制导体制的原理其实就是早期地对地弹道导弹的制导原理。也很类似于现代地面炮兵远程多管火箭系统所采用的主动段简易控制技术。这种制导体制在国内通常被称为“微惯导”。其工作原理是:对于火箭弹，引起落点散布(密集度)的主要原因是速度、方向偏差造成的，即火箭弹速度相对于基准弹道标准值引起的纵向散布偏差和横风、扰动方向偏差相对于瞄准点引起的横向散布。简易火箭弹控制系统一般采用滚转单通道姿态控制系统，对弹体纵轴的姿态进行稳定，即保证火箭弹射向上的稳定。如果火箭在射向产生偏差，弹上敏感元件将通过控制执行机构形成控制修正信号，修正火箭射向，来提高精度。我军现装备的300毫米远程火箭炮，即采用这种简易制导体制，从而极大地提高了射击精度和密集度。而且PF98式反坦克火箭高达245米/秒的炮口初速，280米/秒的飞行速度，可以无需像掠夺者那样事先设计低初速的先高抛再下降的弹道，可以实现比较平直的攻击弹道。现在这种简易控制技术，对于中国已经没有很高的门槛，将上述“简易制导系统”技术移植到PF-98式120毫米火箭弹上，形成简易制导火箭，在原理上是可行的，在技术上是现实的，在价格上也是可以接受的。

通过搜索文献数据，发现国内有很多研究已经开始涉猎这一领域，下面原文摘抄一小段：《基于Simulink的简易控制单兵火箭弹弹道仿真》弹丸质量6kg，弹径90mm，弹长1m，初速30m／s，射角14度，飞行0.4s增程发动机点火，点火时长0.7s，平均推力500N，风速4m/s，风速矢量尾部与oz轴夹角，控制力的作用时问是增程发动机工作主动段，即弹丸飞行的0．4s～0．7s内（笔者：从弹丸数据看，应该是直接使用69式40火箭弹做的制导改进型号仿真）。采用低成本的ADXRS401的微陀螺仪和微加速度计MSA006，即可满足系统指标要求。进行了实弹打靶，测量发射后约5s，火箭弹在700m，火箭弹有效射程处的偏差为2.5m。虽然比预算的误差大，但仍满足项目要求，目前我们正进行下一步的研究与开发，使其有效制导距离增长。

    低成本惯性制导火箭弹控制单元实物图，中间部分为惯性测量单元（MIMU），两侧为电源板，竖立部分为导航计算机。

 

在技术上，除了要将姿态敏感元件、控制执行机构小型化以外，还要解决误差来源、使用条件等总体技术问题。其工作核心，是稳定火箭弹射向，将火箭发射时发射架振动、横风扰动、弹体随机偏差等引起的射向偏差按照瞄准线或理论弹道进行修正。攻击静止目标时，射手瞄准目标，经火控系统解算，构成发射条件后，按下发射机按钮，此时，认为火箭的瞄准射向即为最佳射向；攻击运动目标时，射手连续跟踪目标，并将角速率测得值注入弹上计算机，由计算机假定目标匀速运动，以此计算导弹和运动目标的交汇点坐标。火箭弹上的姿态陀螺仪启动，建立起此射向基准，此后，发射架扰动、横风偏差、弹体飞行随机误差所引起的射向偏差能够被陀螺仪感知，并经控制执行机构修正到预定射向上。只要弹上控制系统工作正常，火箭弹就可以沿理论弹道飞行，达到提高密集度的目的。采用这种控制方式可以提高火箭弹射击密集度2倍以上，同时加大了传统火箭弹的交战距离，增强了射手的安全性。之所以称之为简易制导，是因为制导火箭发射后即不再接受外界信息，没有与目标形成闭环校正，与瞄准线指令和主动寻地导弹相比精度还略有降低。通俗地说，火箭弹发射后的二、三秒内，如果目标坦克来个急刹车或急转弯，那么火箭十有八九会脱靶，但这种情况对于飞行时间短的近程反坦克武器属于小概率事件，相对于总体命中率可以忽略不计。这种制导体制还有个突出的优点是射后不管，无信号外泄，抗干扰能力强，被锁定的敌坦克基本不会有反制措施。

考虑到反坦克火箭筒在实际作战中只有20%的机会是攻击装甲目标，剩下80%都是用于打击车辆、掩体、工事等“非硬”点目标，那么用微惯导技术改进的PF-98式火箭弹应该配备两种弹药和引信。一种是采用“掠夺者”那种自锻破片战斗部和双模光学-磁性引信，造价稍高，攻击目标顶部，用于打击坦克等活动装甲目标；一种是采用现有的多用途弹战斗部和常规接触式引信，造价低廉，可直接攻击目标，用于替换原有的无控多用途弹，打击掩体工事等目标。再假如不考虑封闭空间“软发射”能力（据我观察，中国军队对反坦克火箭的封闭空间发射能力并不十分热心，可能是强调野战运动战制胜，也可能是对城市作战不重视的缘故），或者不使用双模光学-磁性引信，采用廉价的接触式压电引信、常规破甲战斗部，使用低弹道直接攻击运动目标，那么用微惯导技术改进PF-98式火箭筒，造价将更加低廉，这将极大提高我军步兵分队的反坦克和攻坚能力。

2003版步兵分队教材，解放军军事科学院建议的步兵班编成：配备了120毫米反坦克火箭，并配备两名携带自动步枪的120火箭副手。不过我本人极其怀疑这种武器重型化的变态的步兵班的存在，现实中战士们毫无疑问不可能背得动如此种类繁多而又笨重的武器。或许拥有载车的装甲步兵班可以做到，因为他们不用火箭的时候可以在装甲步战车里存放。

长期以来，我军在基层保持着强大的反坦克火力，在多数步兵班配属反坦克火箭和专业反坦克火箭射手。2005年以后在装甲步兵连直接配属一个拥有2具营用型120重型火箭的反坦克火箭班（这个已经有图片证实），甚至将连用轻型120火箭下放到步兵班（仅仅是据说，尚未看到过真实图片例证）。如此众多的120火箭如果改进为低成本惯性制导，那么必将使我军步兵分队的火力获得空前的提高。

本文配图均来自网络，版权归属于原作者！ 

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                                                                               科罗廖夫

                                                                             2010年4月25日 

主要参考资料：

1、火箭弹简易控制系统分析 《弹箭与制导学报》2001年第4期

2、PF-89式120mm反坦克火箭弹（营用型）使用研究 《轻兵器》2001年第3期

3、反坦克火箭的异常散布   《弹箭与制导学报》 1993年02期

4、轻武器射击教程

5、分队的力量  《海陆空天惯性世界》第77期

6、一种肩扛式火箭弹GNC系统的设计、研制与实验研究 2008年第十期第三卷
 

 

 

 

 

 

从任何特征看，PF98式营用型都是标准的无后坐力炮

 

一个标准的120火箭班可能为8人，包括班长在内的4人制火箭筒发射组两个，配备两具120火箭，备弹4—8枚，左图右侧背负火箭的战士使用L型背具可以一次携带两枚火箭弹，此外其他射手也可以携带备用火箭。

目前只在空降兵发现有单人背负携行状态的营用型120火箭，但也仅仅是三角架、发射机和发射前筒，至于火控等设备估计吃了大力丸也没法背上了。

 

这是我军装甲步兵连直接配属一个拥有2具营用型120重型反坦克火箭班的情形，两位手持发射前筒的炮手已经下车，后面携带发射机三角架的炮手正在下车，手扶舱门的是班长。这种情况以前在分析35毫米自动榴弹发射器编制的时候也出现过。

 

 驻港部队摩步营表演时展示的一个120反坦克火箭排，通常我军装甲步兵营和摩步营都下辖一个营属炮兵连和一个机枪连，营属炮兵连下辖两个82或100毫米迫击炮连，装备8门迫击炮。下辖一至两个120反坦克火箭排，共编6~12门120火箭，每个排三个火箭班，6具火箭，1名军官，24名战士。如果加上连属重火箭班，那么每个装步/摩步营将有12~18门营用型120火箭。

 

右图为早期的98B营用型火控，左图为新式的98C营用火控，性能有所改进。

 

为火控系统加装了横风传感器的PF98反坦克火箭，由此可见早期120火箭的精度并不完美。

 

我的一些文章：

圆点导弹的前世今生

飞机能游泳 轮船会飞翔 地效翼船正传（一）

飞机能游泳 轮船会飞翔 地效翼船正传（二）

物美价廉的空地制导火箭弹

温压武器在中国

食之无味 弃之可惜——逆火轰炸机并不适合中国空军

反导与把妹

漫谈末敏弹

苏联反坦克导弹的祖师爷

钢铁暴雨——300毫米远程火箭炮

全金属外壳——坦克遥控高射机枪

坦克才是城市巷战的核心

漫谈“红土地”激光制导炮弹

中国历年国防经费支出分析（这篇文章需要登陆才能看到）

国产武器装备是如何命名的

黑鹰和直-5的血缘关系

日行千里不是梦——从新闻看新时期解放军的地面机动能力

中国进口美制炮兵侦察雷达那点事

俄罗斯军队没有机械化步兵团

解放军没有机械化步兵营（连）

 

INS is king: PF98 to improve the direction of anti-tank rocket
October 2015, the Sino-Indian border war is raging in a hand not see the dark night of the toes, dirangzong - bumdirla Highway, Chengdu Military Region, 149 division 446 regiment landed an infantry company interludes in place, cut off along the Indian put into the north-south highway, "Hydra array." Indian Huangbuzelu, overnight organizations tank company reinforced infantry battalion to kill the temporary building to my positions interspersed elements, because only with the infantry unit interspersed Light Weapons, and therefore the impact of tanks in India, the weak position seems precarious, fragile, evidently instant break would be the enemy tanks. At this time, company commander orders higher Peizhu enhanced recoilless guns row, use PF-98 120 mm anti-tank rockets destroyed Indian tanks, we saw six rockets rapidly occupying positions 120, Second Artillery shells the hands of a gunner set up launch tube, open fire and insurance, and activate the bomb, on thermal batteries, shaking level, steering handle Alignment 900 meters outside the high-speed approximation Aqiongtanke, with a fixed partition through the Night Vision optical telescopes aimed at tracking 2-3 seconds, then press the trigger after the transmitter, a 120-mm rockets "biu" of about flying launchers, the use of 98-type rockets and rocket ordinary uncontrolled different, it is along a height of 5 meters about self-control flight trajectory, in accordance with the theory of flight deviations target lines have been revised to an incredible accuracy of more than 4 seconds after the flight arrived in India over the tank turret, with a loud noise, shot a rocket down the speed of 2700 m / s from the forging penetrators pills, like tofu, like wearing the top through the Eqiongtanke weak armor, hot shrapnel swept all the organisms within the turret and ignited ammunition inside the tank, a "Arjun" brand torch rising. . . . . .

 

Sino-Indian joint military exercises when the Indian army used from type 120 on the re-coveted rocket launcher, the kind of confrontation at the beginning of the next article is also likely to occur

These are my obscenity imagine the scene, but is likely to happen in the future. Domestic PF-98 120 mm anti-tank rockets improved follow-up is likely to be above that, the use of simple inertial guidance system, ranging from anti-tank missiles and rocket-free control between a weapon.

Anti-tank rocket was born during World War II and in subsequent decades, popular, well-known brand has so many people around the world are familiar with religious fanaticism and even produce, such as RPG polytheism Statistics to 2007, a total of 110 countries RPG rocket launcher has 5 million, with more numerous rocket. But the lack of anti-tank rockets as accuracy, resulting in the fight against activities in target shooting was extremely low, and the effective range of close, most of the activities of anti-tank rockets against targets in theory the effective range of no more than 2-300 meters in field conditions under the actual hit probability and effective range is lower. Hit probability and effective range of the low shooter rocket launcher near the risk of causing significant increase in the normal battlefield conditions striker campaign to launch very difficult position. According to soldiers and reporters recalled, in the Iraq war, U.S. tanks and members can easily be two or three meters from striker found outside the RPG, rocket-propelled grenades and hand, once found, the probability of survival is almost zero, so like the rocket launcher RPG role in the field very small, only in guerrilla warfare, street fighting and other complex conditions, can the tanks and light armored targets threat.

China always attaches importance to the development of infantry anti-tank rockets and equipment. As early as during the Korean War, equipped with a generic American M18/20 "super bazooka" type 88 mm rockets, 51 type 90 mm rocket launchers, in crushing the US-led United Nations forces into the battle tanks hack to play a significant effect, become a volunteer, and People's Liberation Army in 1958 before the main tank / Infantry crucial weapons. Equipment from the late 50's imitation of the Soviet Union 56-style 40 mm rocket launchers, the development of the Type 69 40 mm rocket launchers, was also developed 70-type 62 mm rockets and PF-89 type 80 mm anti-tank rocket launchers and other man. The model for the increase in weapon accuracy and hit probability, and more can be equipped with daytime observation and targeting of optical telescopes, equipped with rocket launchers in sight of our army are aiming test integration type, mirror feet within the distance curve in the measuring the distance it can also be set by the fire rear sight, simple and clear. In the fight against moving targets, the shooter should be pegged to the optical telescopes of the speed scale, within 1 second, with rapid number of 1-10, while a second Nei Tanke heart Mosuan number of grid walking (m), in order to projections tank road speed (this concept difficult to grasp complex aiming system, a considerable error in actual combat). Distance of 23 meters against a moving target, because distance measurement, calculation lead to bias in advance, will hit probability is extremely low. Only to the PF-98 Type 120 rocket launchers of the times, it mirrors in the optical aiming device designed flash circuit, replaced by two flash shooter estimated time, you can more accurately measure the amount of moving objects in advance, but the actual show, using optical telescopes accurate against moving targets is still a problem.

To further enhance the ability of tackling anti-tank infantry unit, an artillery battalion replaced with a 82 mm recoilless guns, army began to develop in the 90's second-generation anti-tank rocket weapon - PF-98 120-mm large-caliber anti-tank type rockets to infantry units against armored targets from stationary tanks increased to 800 meters against moving targets in the distance increased to 500 meters. For the non-controlled weapons, the range increases to bring the hit probability of lower bound, our military that there is only one way to effectively improve the general anti-tank rocket hit probability, that is used with a laser target ranging fire control system. PF-98 120 mm anti-tank rockets because of a simple fire control system used to HEAT effective range of up to 500 meters, the maximum range of 800 meters, semi-Direct Aiming to launch multi-purpose bomb of the effective range is up to 1800 meters. Camp fire control system used by the optical system, laser rangefinder, ballistic solver, LED flat panel displays, operating systems and plug shaft correction institutions. The fire control system is relatively similar to the army tank on the second-generation master of light point injection simple fire control system, target shooters aim at tanks and continuous tracking, while the laser ranging and Trajectory calculation, fire control system will The new aim point to points of light into the form shown in the display, targeting a new striker will be designated aim points, you can launch rockets. This eliminates the need for simplified fire control striker estimated distance, direction, ahead of quantity and a series of complex calculations, operations and human error, from the beginning to rocket fire aimed at fire control response time less than 10s, shooting speed of response and measured pointing accuracy have been greatly enhanced. Semi-Direct Aiming the song during target shooting, when the obstacle can not use the laser range finder, you can also set fire to the fire from the manual installation. PF-98-type rocket launcher as a rocket launcher fire control equipment of solving long-range target shooting on high-precision problem.

In the PF-98 120 mm anti-tank rockets before serving, 82 mm recoilless gun has been the main force of our army infantry unit remote direct Firearms

PF-98-type rocket launcher is currently the most powerful rockets. Although its first use of the simple domestic fire control, and has a 0.45X0.45 meter target accuracy, but in actual combat conditions, within the effective range of the hit probability is still not entirely satisfactory. With the development of high-tech form of warfare, anti-tank capability of the infantry unit raised new demands, that is low cost, high hit probability, long range, powerful, fire-and-forget, closed space launch. These articles, PF-98 rockets in addition to power and range, the other did not have. Since the anti-tank missiles and equipment to the army infantry unit (usually the armed forces, the regiment and above the regimental level called "units", battalion and battalion unit called "unit") have great difficulties, PF-98-style rocket launcher will be there is a long time, as companies and battalions rocket-propelled grenades and PF-89 type 80 mm rockets with the man to form a continuous combination of fire near and far. Thus, precision guidance technology to improve the PF-98 military-style rocket launcher will be the most realistic option. Precision guidance technology, is the control of weapons, according to certain laws of the direction of flight, attitude, altitude and speed, precise target warhead guided direct hit probability of 50% or more of military weapons.

PF-98 anti-tank rocket's main technical Moroto

Moroto
 Parameter
 Moroto
 Parameter
 
Missile diameter
 120mm
 Maximum speed rocket
 280m / s
 
Long bomb
 971mm
 Effective range
 400 m (linked type)
 
800 m (business-to-use)
 
And weights
 6.37kg
 Maximum range
 800 meters (HEAT)
 
1800 m (multi-purpose bombs)
 
Emission rate
 4 to 6 rounds / minute
 Target accuracy
 0.45 m x0.45 m (direct)
 
Motor

 
 Maximum pressure
 38MPa
 Of fire
 Direction
 360
 
Working Hours
 14.5ms
 Height
 -6 Degrees to +30 degrees
 
Muzzle velocity
 245 m / sec (HEAT)
 Fire Control System

 
 Response time of less than 10 seconds
 
205 m / s (multi-purpose bombs)
 300/500 meters night vision distance
 
Before the launch tube
 Material for the use of thin metal lined, winding FRP. Life is more than 200 issued
 Partial Wind
 1000 meters, the wind speed is less than 6 m / sec, from time to correct
 
Warhead

Structure

Charge
 HEAT
 Cone angle of 60 degrees thickness such as copper liner

Suppression of grain poly black -2
 
Multi-purpose warhead
 Thickness of 140 ° cone angle, etc. Ta liner

Suppression of grain poly black -2
 
Power
 HEAT
 NATO's heavy-duty three-transmittance greater than 90% of target
 
Multi-purpose warhead
 Sunder 55 degree angle with the thickness of 400mm, into the 120 with the diameter of 5.5mm zirconium. 25 m radius of intensive anti-
 

 

In general, anti-tank weapons for infantry units precision guidance system, mainly in six: command line of sight guidance, laser semi-active laser beam riding guidance, infrared imaging guidance, millimeter wave guidance, low-cost micro-inertial guidance.

Command line of sight anti-tank guided missiles on behalf of model HJ73/HJ8 missiles, but they where in the army's equipment, systems were regimental and division-level missiles, infantry units are not suitable equipment. Command line of sight guidance of light anti-tank missiles on behalf of the French model, "sand snakes" missiles have the advantage of high accuracy can be enclosed space "soft launch." Drawback is high cost, high-striker training requirements, and can not fire-and-forget, is not suitable for military use at the unit level.

Semi-active laser / laser-beam guidance system, although there has been a very long and extensive use in the Russian army, the advantage of affordable, good accuracy. But the disadvantages are also obvious, less susceptible to interference and anti-system, system is relatively bulky and can not fire-and-forget.

And millimeter-wave imaging infrared guidance system, anti-tank guided missiles, to the javelin as the representative of a very excellent performance in line with the new century of light anti-tank missiles, the army most of the requirements, both military guidance technology will certainly become the next light / medium-sized anti-tank missile of choice. However, everything is not perfection, infrared imaging guidance and millimeter-wave guidance system also shortcomings, it is too expensive, Javelin missiles cost 80,000 U.S. dollars each, in addition to the U.S. military, the army will not take any other the risk of bankruptcy at the grassroots level with a large number of such a missile infantry, otherwise crashes will have pants.

Javelin is good, unfortunately too expensive

Then the rest is only one choice, that is cost-micro inertial guidance, this guidance system model is typical of the U.S. "Predator" anti-tank missiles. Actual performance to prove that anti-tank missile guidance system, the price is very low, "predators" of the initial purchase cost is only 9000 U.S. dollars, if a large number of procurement, cost will decrease. Low-cost micro-inertial guidance system, portable anti-tank missiles for the effective hit rate within the range, close range anti-armor infantry weapon.

"Predator" is a one-time use, after launching, with a direct attack and attack the top two attack missile that can attack from all angles countries to effectively combat its active main battle tanks, also can destroy concrete bunkers like . Weapons systems is small, light weight, compact and easy to man-portable, etc., especially those with low smoke, low noise, low recoil "soft launch" capability, you can in a limited space (3.5 × 4.5 × 2.1 m3) in launch, is an ideal urban combat weapon.

"Predators" missile guidance system: the forefront of missile seeker that has the goal of the probe, and laser control of the back of the cabin is equipped with inertial measurement sensors, autopilot, procedures, guidance processor, and solenoid valve controlled gas injection reaction control system. "Predators" of the guidance system for the optical sighting + inertial autopilot control. Firing, the shooter targeting using optical telescopes. If you need to track a moving target, the missile's angular velocity sensor will be 2 seconds before the missile angular rate data to the inertial coordinate system, autopilot, control missile flight. Autopilot flight of the missile trajectory and the actual deviation between the theoretical line of sight, constantly to revised instructions, and instructions sent to the solenoid valve, control valve gas generator 4 jet in different directions, using this jet reaction to control the missile's flight direction. This guidance system can automatically correct the trajectory of a variety of disturbances arising from ballistic bias (such as engine thrust misalignment or tail partial, cross-wind disturbances and the quality of projectile eccentricity, etc.).

 

 

Low cost multi-purpose short-range assault weapons predators SRAW-MPV

"Predator" operation process: Firstly, 2.5 striker optical telescopes or night vision targeting, 2 seconds before launch to get the target data sensor data to the inertial coordinate system, autopilot, target shooters will not have to estimate movement faster. Emission conditions are met, the striker press firing device, take off the engine ignition, engine bore the flight took off 40 ms after the missile launch tube, muzzle velocity of 34.8 m / sec. In launching tube near the shooter's side of the plate with protection, to make emission noise does not exceed 173dB. After flying missile launchers, four folding rear springs open immediately to ensure the stability of flight. Initially along the line of sight missile flight, the missile autopilot flight given the initial angle of elevation, when the flight distance of 65 meters (high trajectory at this time is about 25m), the missile automatically change the pitch angle is negative, so the flight trajectory into a declining stage. The direction of flight since the tail of the jet reaction from the missile control system. The system of a gas transmitter 4 by a solenoid valve to control the jet valve, solenoid valve control signal from the control cabin of the autopilot are given. In order to facilitate the target warhead over the top attack armor, missile warhead and the vertical assembly, the quality of 2.93kg. Equipped with a dual-mode laser / optics and magnetic fuse. When the target missile flew over the sweep, the magnetic sensing fuse target, laser fuze start, scan, profile, and calculate the most suitable initiation consecutive points (tank turret at the top of the center), detonated tantalum explosively formed penetrator warhead, from promote the formation of detonation waves from the forging of metal shield penetrators pills from Warhead shell window of a composite material injection to directly attack various types of new main battle tanks (including beaded reactive armor of the tank) the top of the armor. As the "predators" missile's modular design, which can carry different warheads, easy assembly, can form a series of different target missile.

As the shooting accuracy, 98, 120 rocket-type configuration for the front cylinder, after the launch tube from the muzzle is far rockets deep and multi-stage tandem warhead, not optical image guidance system. More suitable for use such as "predators" micro-inertial missile guidance technology, to improve the 98-type rockets or developing a new low-cost guided rockets. The principle of this system is in fact guided the early surface-ballistic missile guidance theory. Also very similar to the modern long-range multi-barrel rocket artillery systems used by active segment simple control technology. This guidance system in the country often called "micro Inertial Navigation." Its working principle is: For the rocket, causing the impact point dispersion (density) is mainly due to the speed, direction of bias caused by the speed of the rocket trajectory relative to the baseline standard deviation of value due to vertical and horizontal wind distribution, the deviation disturbance aiming point relative to the horizontal spreading caused. Simple rocket roll control system using single-channel general attitude control system, the attitude on missile longitudinal axis to stabilize, which is to ensure the stability of rocket catapult upward. If the rockets fired bias, playing the sensitive components will be controlled by controlling the formation of the implementing agencies of correction signals, modified rocket fired, to improve accuracy. Our army is equipped with 300-mm long-range rockets, which use this simple guidance system, which greatly improves the shooting accuracy and intensity. And PF98 anti-tank rocket as high as 245 m / s muzzle velocity, 280 m / s flight speed, can be designed without the prior low as predators, as the first high muzzle velocity ballistic throwing down again, the attack can be achieved relatively straight trajectory. Now this simple control technology, for China has not a high threshold, the above "simple guidance system" technology to the PF-98 120 mm rockets, the formation of simple unguided rockets, is feasible in principle, the technique is real, the price is acceptable.

Data by searching the literature and found that many of China adopted the materials in this area has already begun, the following short text extract: "Simple Simulink-based control of man Antitank Rocket Simulation" projectile mass 6kg, missile diameter 90mm, length shells 1m, initial velocity 30m / s, angles of 14 degrees, extended range flight 0.4s engine ignition, ignition duration 0.7s, the average thrust of 500N, wind speed 4m / s, wind speed vector angle between the tail and the oz axis, the role of control is the extended range Q active section of the engine work, or projectile in flight 0.4s ~ 0.7s (I: the data read from the projectile should be using 69-type 40 direct rocket guidance to do to improve model simulation). ADXRS401 using low-cost micro gyroscope and accelerometer MSA006, the system can meet the requirements. Conducted live-fire target practice, measuring launch about 5s, rocket-propelled grenades in the 700m, the effective range of rocket Department deviation of 2.5m. Although large errors than the budget, but still meet the project requirements, we are now in the next step of the research and development, to increase the effective guidance range.

 

    Low-cost rocket inertial guidance control unit physical map, the middle part of the inertial measurement unit (MIMU), on both sides of the power supply board, the erection of some of the navigation computer.

 

Technically, in addition to attitude sensor, control actuator miniaturization, but also to resolve the error source, using the general conditions of technical problems. The core of its work, is to stabilize the rocket launch to be rocket launchers launch vibration, cross wind disturbance, the projectile fired random deviations caused by deviations in accordance with the line of sight or theoretical trajectory correction. Attack stationary targets, shooters aim at the target, calculating by the fire control system, constitute launch conditions, press the transmitter button, then, that a rocket fired shall be aimed at the best of shooting; attack moving targets, the shooter continuous target tracking, and the measured angular rate value into the shells on the computer, the computer assumes the goal of uniform motion, this calculation of the missile and the intersection coordinates of moving targets. Rocket launch on the attitude gyro, set up the shooting at the base, then, launchers disturbance, cross-wind bias, Projectile fired random error caused by gyro bias can be perceived, and amendments to the implementing agencies by the control Book fired on. As long as the missile's control system work properly, can be along the theory of rocket flight trajectory, to improve the intensity of purpose. Using this control method can increase the intensity of rocket firing for more than 2 times, while increasing the distance of traditional war rockets, enhanced security striker. Is called a simple guided, is guided rocket launcher as soon as no longer accept outside information, not a closed loop with the target calibration, and the command line of sight and take the initiative to look for precision-ground missile was also slightly lower compared. In layman's terms, after two rocket launchers, three seconds, if the target tank to brake hard or sharp turn, then the likelihood will rocket off target, but this time for a short flight of short-range anti-tank weapons are small probability event, relative to the overall hit rate is negligible. This guidance system is also an outstanding advantage of fire-and-forget, no signal leakage, anti-interference ability, basically locked the enemy tanks will not have counter-measures.

Taking into account anti-tank rocket in the actual combat, only 20% chance is to attack armored targets, and the remaining 80% are used for combat vehicles, bunkers, fortifications and other "non-hard" point targets, then use the micro-inertial navigation technology to improve the PF -98 type rockets should be equipped with two kinds of ammunition and fuses. One is a "predator" that self-forging fragmentation warhead and dual-mode optical - magnetic fuse, higher cost, the top target for anti tanks and other armored targets activities; one is the use of existing multi-purpose missile warheads and conventional contact fuse, low cost, can be directly targeted for the replacement of the original multi-purpose non-controlled bombs against targets such as bunkers and fortifications. If we do not consider the enclosed space and then "soft launch," capability (according to my observation, the Chinese army fired anti-tank rocket in the enclosed space capacity is not very enthusiastic, may be emphasized that winning field warfare, urban warfare may be reasons not important) , or do not use dual-mode optical - magnetic fuse, using low-cost contactless piezoelectric fuze, Sunder conventional warhead, the use of low trajectory direct attack moving targets, then the micro Inertial Navigation Technology to improve PF-98-type rocket launcher, will be more cost low, which will greatly enhance the military's anti-tank and infantry units tackling ability.

 

2003 version of the infantry unit materials, the PLA Academy of Military Sciences proposed infantry squad compiled: equipped with a 120-mm anti-tank rockets, and equipped with two automatic rifles, 120 rocket carrying deputy. But I highly doubt the metamorphosis of such weapons, heavy infantry classes exist, in reality there is no doubt the soldiers were not back yet for such a wide variety of heavy weapons. Perhaps have a set of armored infantry squad car can do, because they do not have the time the rocket can be stored inside the armored infantry fighting vehicles.

Over the years, our military has maintained a strong grass-roots anti-tank fire, in the majority of infantry anti-tank rockets and professional classes Peizhu anti-tank rocket launcher. Armored infantry company in 2005 after a direct Pei Zhu has two business-to-use 120 heavy anti-tank rocket rocket class (this image has been confirmed), even Lianyong light under 120 rockets into the infantry squad (just said not to see over the real image examples). 120 rocket, if so many improvements for low-cost inertial guidance, it will make the army infantry unit of the fire was raised.

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                                                                               Korolev

                                                                             April 25, 2010

Main reference:

1 rockets simple control system, "Rocket Science" in 2001 4

2, PF-89 120mm anti-tank rocket-type (business-to-use) use of "light weapons" 3 2001

3, the abnormal spread anti-tank rockets, "Rocket Science" 1993 02

4, light weapons fire tutorial

5, unit of power, "sea and air days inertia world" s 77

6, a shoulder-fired rockets GNC system design, development and experimental study of Volume III of the 2008 Tenth

  

 

  

View from any features, PF98-style business-to-use all the standard recoilless gun

 

A standard 120-8 rocket class may be, including squad leader, including rocket-propelled grenades fired Unit 4-a-two, with two 120 rockets, Beitan 4-8 pieces, left the right side of the rocket carrying the soldiers to use L-back carried with two rockets at once, in addition to other shooters can also carry spare rockets.

 

Currently only found in the airborne forces who carry portable single state business-to-use 120 rockets, but only a tripod, the transmitter and pre-launch tube, as for fire control equipment is estimated to eat the Dali Wan also can not back up.

 

 

This is a Chinese armored infantry company directly Peizhu have two camps with heavy anti-tank rockets, 120-case classes, two hand-held extinguishers before the gunners have fired off the back of the gunner was carried off the transmitter tripod, hand Rotary door is the squad leader. Previous analysis of this 35 mm automatic grenade launcher when the preparation has occurred.

 

 Garrison motorized infantry battalion when the display shows a row of 120 anti-tank rockets, usually armored infantry battalion and a motorized infantry battalions are under the jurisdiction of an artillery battalion company and a machine gun company, an artillery battalion with 82 or two under the jurisdiction of with 100 mm mortars, mortar and equipment 8. Under the jurisdiction of one or two rows of 120 anti-tank rockets, made up 6 to 12 of 120 rockets, three rocket-classes for each row, six rockets, one officer and 24 soldiers. If combined with an important rocket classes, each armored infantry / motorized infantry battalion will have 12 to 18 of 120 business-to-use rockets.

 

 

Camp 98B are shown here with the early-type fire, left for the use of modern 98C camp fire, the performance improved.

 

Installation of a fire control system for the cross wind sensor PF98 anti-tank rockets, 120 rocket early shows is not perfect accuracy.

 

Some of my articles:

Dot missile Past and Present

Ships will fly the aircraft can swim WIG Story (1)

Ships will fly the aircraft can swim WIG Story (2)

Inexpensive ground guided rocket

Temperature and pressure of arms in China

Tasteless gesture - Backfire bombers are not suitable for the Chinese Air Force

ABM and the sister

Talking about sensitivity Projectile

The patron deity of the Soviet anti-tank missiles

Steel rain - 300 mm long-range rocket

Full Metal Jacket - tanks, antiaircraft machine guns, remote control

Tank is the core of urban street fighting

Talking about the "red land" laser-guided artillery shells

China's defense expenditures of the calendar year (need to login to see this article)

China-made weapons and equipment is how named

Black Hawk and the blood relationship straight -5

Japanese traveling thousands of miles is not a dream - from news to see the New People's Liberation Army's ground mobility

China's imports of US-made artillery surveillance radar that something

Mechanized infantry regiment of the Russian army did not

People's Liberation Army mechanized infantry battalion is not (even)

Modern Proposition airborne operations
Original published in 2010, No. 2, "Aviation knowledge" of the ancient Division

 

Spanish paratroopers skydiving training

The soft underbelly of the classical airborne operations

If the definition of the classical airborne operations in more depth on the air to send troops to seize strategic points of strategic significance or battlefield interdiction mission, then seeing the large-scale airborne operations in history have played a major role of the must also see the soft underbelly of such military action.

First of all, the modern combat environment, the classic difficult to implement large-scale airborne operations. A large number of personnel needed drop of medium and even large number of large transport aircraft, large-scale equipment and arms build-up could easily be other use of modern means of aerial surveillance and even space-informed, almost impossible to preserve it. Even without regard to confidentiality considerations, large transport aircraft flew into the enemy's strategic depth, or implement airborne somewhere, is bound to a variety of modern air defense weapons in combat, it is difficult to avoid major losses. The battle to win air supremacy in these hinterland, even an advantage for the Air Force is a bold adventure. It should be noted, World War II, air forces and air defense weapons to contend in air defense weapons, or at a relative disadvantage, which is that time has conducted several large-scale airborne operations one of the reasons, and this trend has today fundamental changes have taken place.

 

"Band of Brothers" Pictures: Winters Lieutenant is about to E with the soldiers, "the market - Garden" operation, the 101st Airborne Division task. And 101 teachers compared to the British airborne forces landing far, operational environment is much more dangerous.

Secondly, all the pre-edge airborne troops in the ground almost the moment they "wear and tear exhausted." In addition to its "living in strategic places" that "favorable conditions" outside - really enjoy the favorable conditions were in fact the implementation of the Airborne Battle of the cluster side - in front of the airborne troops deep little lacking. Great natural spread airborne landing, assembly difficulties, more importantly, their lack of heavy weapons, but the lack of tackling ability and sustained combat capability. Self-sustaining within a limited time (usually is 3 to 5 days), if not coordinate follow-up ground forces, then the result can only be a hero broken wrist, look just like turned into a tragedy. In June 1944 the Normandy landing, the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division parachuted 8,100, A collection of about 2,000 people; 101st Airborne Division Airborne 6800 people, set from 2500. British 6th Airborne Division parachuted 4,800 people, a collection of about 1,800 people from the. So scattered forces, once the fortifications of the German experience stick, will hardly be as great. Fortunately, in 1944 the Western Allies had won the air superiority, while the main German defenses on the Normandy and no direction (that Allied airborne troops suffered from the losses can be seen), or even airborne troops successful, will face heavy casualties, and even totally unable to perform a given task, to the landing caused great difficulties. In contrast, the British 1st Airborne Division had already had a painful lesson, in September 1944 the "Market Garden" operation, the British airborne troops could not resist re-install the anti-German assault, the slow progress in the backup cluster attack , delays in the reinforcement of the case, the British 1st Airborne Division final-round retreat, a loss of almost 8,000, the whole operation failed. Allied airborne troops to the cost of the loss of about 14,000 people, for this World War II, the largest airborne operations were tragic footnote. Point of view from the battle, Montgomery attempt to seize bridges in the Netherlands arteries, thus the Allied assault across the Rhine River into Germany and the cluster environment the idea of paving the way right, but he ignored the airborne operations restrictions. The key point along the spot clusters are too many guards paratroops to capture and successfully, and this line are apparently too long, more than the furthest point of the British 1st Airborne Division tolerance limits. Although modern airborne forces to some extent have heavy equipment airdrop capability, ability to significantly improve the tackling, but the sustained nature of combat capability, and has not been changed, when in the face of enemy fire and mechanized units are still at a disadvantage. If the area in great depth behind enemy lines to achieve operational objectives for the implementation of large-scale airborne, the planning organization must be very difficult, is bound to take into account the airborne troops and guards tackling ability, the ability of the smooth progress of follow-up units, air supply capabilities and enemy reinforcements capacity, and many other factors, and variables on the battlefield, often make the original calculations were dashed.

 

June 5, 1944, well aware of the importance of airborne first Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight Eisenhower visited the 101st Airborne Division in person, to boost morale. Please note that the division pattern soldiers left arm eagle emblem, a white helmet on, "Red" shows they belong to 502 groups. Three other colors, the "Plum Blossom" is 327 group, "box" are 501 groups, and "spades" however, are "Band of Brothers" in the limelight of the 506 group.

Finally, even the determination to use the large-scale airborne operations to achieve the strategic purpose, which must bear the enormous human and material losses. American TV series "Band of Brothers", the U.S. 101st Airborne Division 506 Group E with 2nd Battalion, Captain Winters had a classic lines - "we are airborne, we want to be surrounded." This sentence is vividly shows the airborne combat environment, combat behind enemy lines, with assembly issues, even if airborne to complete the target, the casualty rates often exceed 30%. Germany 1940 campaign in the Netherlands during the period in Rotterdam, The Hague, the implementation of airborne operations to seize the airport and other important facilities, occupy a bridgehead for follow-up landing. As the neutral sense of the Netherlands has higher defense, have long had the war mobilization, and may be subject to attack in the vicinity of the airport and mined obstacles, put a guard. Airborne operations in Rotterdam, the Germans suffered heavy losses, more than 4,000 airborne casualties, 430 transport plane as much as two thirds of the loss. April 1941, the Germans launched a massive airborne operations, hoping to seize power only by virtue of the whole island of Crete paratroopers. Germans in Crete airborne 13,000 paratroopers, raid on the island three airports, the German mountain troops seized the airport began to machine down, with the paratroopers captured the island. Operations, the German paratroopers casualties up to 5140 people, loss of aircraft 350, or even later had a negative impact Operation Barbarossa. Hitler so very dissatisfied with the heavy casualties, claimed that large-scale airborne operations were over. The campaign is the war in the history of the world's first large-scale airborne battle, and so far the only airborne-based implementation of the offensive campaign. Under the conditions of modern warfare, huge casualties in the military and politically unacceptable.

  

Airborne operations in Normandy, the Allied airborne for about 3.5 million, of which 1.7 million parachute, the rest of the glider down. The picture shows the landing area of the Allied crashed glider, which is a British Horsa gliders. The soldiers were not put into operation on were killed.

Advantage on airborne operations

Airborne is the spear of lanceolate said, sounds terrific fun, but wanted to come but not exactly thin. Spear Thrust is not convoluted, poke through the Party to destruction opponents shield, armor used it to describe how very apt. Airborne more like a meteor hammer with a chain, the no stereotype, often in the most unlikely places pumping cold sub to you a bit and let you off guard. If you want to enter the battlefield, there are generally three ways, from land, sea and air, clear the air into an advantage, suffered fewer binding elements. Airborne and enter the battlefield to avoid fortified enemy defenses, the enemy's defenses attempt dashed. The emergence of airborne troops made more difficult for defense: those who look from the geographic areas become more secure is not safe for such a strategic depth to ground, must try to divide our forces for maximum security. This is also where the airborne strategic significance, that is caused by the existence of an enemy the opportunity costs. Airborne assault can be as forward, seize strategic points, for the following major air mobility forces to promote the establishment of a bridgehead or ground.

Despite a reputation for prowess and skilled airborne known, but nowadays an indisputable fact is: the era of large-scale airborne operations facing the end. Like a large-scale airborne operations were Xuependakou Zhang, greedy monster, traditional military logistics system could not meet its huge demand supply. History has proven, once the problems with logistics links, airborne operations, the outcome is disastrous. If you carefully think about it is not difficult to analyze the characteristics of large-scale airborne operations and airborne operations requirements and is characterized by its own internal contradictions: the airborne operations is the most essential features of surprise, flexible, quick, with minimal cost grab big success. The large-scale airborne, the cumbersome logistics system, difficult to reconcile coordinate support, stick to the rigid requirements bridgehead, would lose in front of those essential features.

In fact, if viewed from another angle, the advantage of Airborne and its weakness as obvious. If you select the right enemy's weakness, to the benefit airborne poke the enemy's weak, then it could achieve greater results. Difficulties, if not, can be quick, and assistance to and back-scientific and reasonable, and airborne, there will still be useless. Even so the German island of Crete suffered heavy casualties as a large-scale independent airborne operations, the Allies and the Germans have very different views. As the military historian has said, "the outside world will pay attention not on the German paratroopers in Crete suffered severe losses, but rather more by the airborne operations attracted a lightning victory." In U.S. eyes, Crete more than any other instances prove "the existence of significant airborne," the remaining days of World War II, these two views led to the way the two sides use different airborne. German airborne troops have not taken any large-scale parachute assault, these elite forces were used as light infantry. U.S. and British airborne forces were rapidly expanded, to the end of the war the United States has formed a five Airborne Division, conducted in the Pacific and European battlefields several parachute operations.

Small and medium-scale parachute operations always glow brilliant youth: "Battle of Moscow", there were such a plot: the Soviet commander on his subordinates Zhukov, German paratroopers dropped near the headquarters, still keep the pen to write Zhukov , never looked up, only saying, "Give me an assault rifle to, after the elimination of paratroopers report to me." While the circumstances of the performance of the Soviet commander in chief of the firm, but also from the military described the essence of airborne operations .

1967 Middle East war, Israel is a bold use of airborne troops, six days a 3 airborne operations are supported by helicopters at low altitude penetration, and personnel using aircraft down or downhill approach into operation quickly outflank and seize each other's defense should be to , for the Israeli army captured the Sinai Peninsula, Sharm el-Sheikh and the Golan Heights have made outstanding contributions. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, spent two airborne divisions, long-range air exercises they complete the transfer into the name, and other special forces with the Soviet Army, as the vanguard of the rapid capture of Kabul, Amin's residence and the vital. Soviet troops entered Afghanistan to pave the way for a large scale.

 

"Six-Day War" in the Old City of Jerusalem into Israeli paratroopers at the Western Wall under the rest
        

1967 "Six Day War", Israel bold use of helicopters for carrying small-scale airborne and transcendence, achieved outstanding victories. The picture shows when the Israeli army operations in the Sinai Peninsula, S-58 helicopter.

 

Russian-Georgian conflict in 2008, the Russian airborne forces have played an excellent role mobile assault force, security transport vehicles entered the picture shows Russian airborne fighting vehicles and paratroopers.

Airborne troops is a "swift paste", you can always paste a patch into any military or political, "wound", but also its "hemostasis" is also very good. This is why the United States in the disposal of the Gulf crisis, will spend the first 82 and the 101 Airborne Division Air Assault Division. Global strategy in the first place has always been the U.S. Needless to say, even the military situation is not optimistic factors to airborne forces of Russia also decided to include a necessary areas. It is said that the Russian program in 2010 in large-scale landing exercise in the Arctic region, in that the interests of Russia's determination to defend the Arctic, it also shows the high regard the Russian on the airborne troops. Russian military that the airborne rapid reaction force is the backbone of Russia's airborne military operations almost always in the center. As long as there is an urgent task, there will always be hesitation to the paratroopers, the reason is very simple, only the airborne can be completed in the shortest possible time high level of combat readiness level, and immediately begin the task in any area. June 10, 1999, entered the starry night, seven and a half hours more than 500 km march to seize the Pristina airport in Kosovo, is the Russian airborne units. 2000 in the second Chechen war, Russian troops to cut off illegal armed retreat, is the 76th Airborne Division deployed one, the Department strengthened with a 90-person high in the fight guards 776.0, outstanding, to death about the enemy 400, the last only 6 survivors. Russia-Georgia conflict last year, the Russian airborne forces also play an important role in the military city of Senaki in Georgia, the face suddenly appeared with a Russian airborne troops, guard there actually a Georgian business elite mountain retreat in panic, Russian paratroopers to the supervisors said, "All officers and men are masters of Georgia military base cafeteria ready to enjoy without food for breakfast, delicious!" Although the Russian airborne for many years to enjoy the world's most important title of airborne with a variety of available airborne infantry fighting vehicles, anti-tank guns and a variety of artillery on their own, and even developed a car containing members of the people and vehicles were also dropped down technology, but the Russian military has recognized that the development trend of future airborne obviously should not continue the direction of heavy mechanized division, but rather to a more flexible direction of light infantry. Airborne future is going to need more light weight suitable for mobile equipment, this Russian Soldier Equipment has been in research to reduce weight, improve airborne use of artillery systems and to develop new types of field communication systems.

 

 Russian airborne troops are training fighting skills

 

Using all-terrain vehicle for anti-terrorism drill in Russia's airborne tactical

Modern Proposition no optimal solution

In any case, modern airborne longer look like 60 years ago, the battlefield environment has undergone tremendous changes. Modern and even future of airborne operations, has shown a clear trend of the three transformation. The first trend is the most important trend that the size of airborne combat the "pocket of." The cost of modern military aircraft more expensive, the performance of air defense weapons and increasingly high number of modern military scholars even believe that the modern environment, if you want more than company-scale airborne operations, it is unrealistic idea Although this argument a bit too far, but made clear the scale of the airborne operations, "pocket" trend.

Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Army has implemented a large-scale airborne assault operations twice, once early in 1942 the Weiyazima airborne operations and the other in September 1943 in Kiev, airborne operations, more than two million operations are The division-level large-scale operations, from the extent of casualties, both rated as great. However, the former through the gates of Moscow, near the German Army supply lines a large number of paratroopers landing, the Germans created a greater pressure on rivals to deal with large numbers of troops deployed paratroopers strategically ease the pressure on Moscow. The latter with "market - Garden," the same action, fully into the process of over-optimistic forecasts of war victims: a large number of paratroopers airborne Soviet Bank Dnieper, was heavily German attack, as coordinate not strong enough, the last Soviet crossing operations complete failure. These two operations, a large number of Soviet airborne forces are not concentrated, but with limited transport planes to shuttle landing, which no doubt will become "add oil tactics," so that the original airborne forces would be difficult to build a more decentralized, it is easy German isolation and annihilation. Large-scale airborne operations logistics and transport issues in today does not become any easier in the modern military theory, large-scale use of airborne tactics is unrealistic, even as a superpower, the U.S. military, the Air Force to implementation of a brigade-scale airborne operations of all air support missions, and there is absolutely not easy; Moreover enemy control in the region of large transport aircraft to use a lot of expensive to implement airborne operations, it may have to pay a heavy price. The so-called airborne divisions, the practice is only the need for training and publicity. In 1983, Grenada's "furious action," Panama 1989 "just action", and the 2002 special warfare operations in Afghanistan, the U.S. military airborne operations are implemented. These operations, the airborne force's mission is to seize the airport, follow-up for the follow-on force to establish forward bases. These operations usually 1-3 airborne infantry battalion, airborne brigade command directly responsible. Airborne troops, as the task is usually the size of the nature and size and composition of enemy forces may be, building dense urban areas, generally need more airborne force. Overall, these airborne brigade-level operations are usually in the scale of the following - some special operations missions or even just use the link-level small-scale units - commanders are very difficult to have the opportunity to implement a command thousands of paratroopers large-scale raid action.

 

June 18, 2008 North Carolina Boulaygue Fort intervention at a joint force exercises, the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division soldiers are from the C-17 "Globemaster" III on the implementation of the parachute. The purpose of this exercise is to strengthen the coordination capacity of the Army and Air Force, and to enhance the use of large equipment, mobility support capabilities and forces.

Small and medium-scale approach more in line with airborne operations, and can give full play to its advantages in the same time inhibit the vulnerable. Small-scale airborne forces command system does not require complex, easy concealment on the battlefield, combat capability is moderate, even running through the air supply, nor will exert enormous pressure air system. Finally, in a very bad situation, using the force of this size can not cause "significant casualties." In the specific environment, use of small-scale airborne forces in depth "pinpoint" can control the intensity of war, to achieve the target in the prevention of war, while the vicious upgrade. Under such guidelines, the U.S. military has been suggested that the Army should stop wasting huge amounts of money to maintain a large airborne force - in order to maintain operational quality, airborne parachute training carried out every month, even airborne forces helicopter group personnel, have bailed out a month. They pointed out that the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division should be constituted for each Airborne Brigade from the present three airborne battalions transition to a parachute battalion plus two air mobility business; the same familiar pattern of operations of the 75th Airborne Ranger Regiment belongs 3 business should be changed to more company-sized combat units, so that you can abolish the Department of Mission and their staff, play a role in reducing staff size. The link-level units can be a major and a large company command leadership, implementation of the real needs of modern warfare small-scale special operations missions. This is a Chinese military strategists old saying, "Your soldiers are not expensive and more refined."

Israelis in the small-scale use of airborne forces made a very good exploration: October 31, 1968, Israel sent 18 men traveling in three helicopters, paratroopers into the Egyptian territory, 80 km, blowing up power stations in Egypt 纳贾哈马迪important facilities, destroyed Aswan to Cairo, the main transmission line, the rapid withdrawal after the completion of the task, causing a great loss to Egypt. In the same year on December 29 night, Israel once again sent 160 paratroopers to take the "Super Hornet" helicopters, eight, landed at Beirut airport, destroying 13 aircraft, of which the Lebanese national airline, 8, and then took the opportunity to leave. December 1969, Israel sent two helicopters carrying paratroopers, with the sea into the special operations group, the Egyptian attack angle of the radar station in Gharib successfully obtained Soviet-made key components of the new radar. June 1976, Israel used 200 paratroopers disguised as civilian aircraft use the C-130 and Boeing 707, long-range raid Entebbe airport in Uganda, after a short battle, the successful rescue of a hijacked the Air France 105 on the Israeli-class hostage (of which 3 deaths). This is the basic use of several airborne operations are basically company-sized scale.

In addition to size "pocket" and the diversity of ways to enter the battlefield and the mission of diversity is also an important trend. Modern warfare can not adhere to the traditional airborne troops parachuting way, but to take the measures appropriate way to join battle. Airborne troops may be to parachute, landing (helicopter, fixed-wing aircraft, gliders or powered paragliders), special vehicles or special vehicles joined the battle with, the goal is even more diverse operations, may be suppressed, interdiction, containment , rescue, arrest, assassination, destruction, occupation and even theft, the face of the enemy is the regular army, guerrilla or terrorist organization. Germany in World War II in the Waffen SS Sikeerzi Major with special operations forces led by paratroopers, landed by glider large Sasso, successful rescue of the imprisoned Mussolini, has created a typical airborne special warfare operations. It now appears that the entire operation very risky landing site of a hilltop as a very small space, thanks to the driver good control technology, was able to successfully landing, the German paratroopers fighting qualities it is far better than the dream immersed in the Italian Army truce guard, otherwise the consequences are very difficult to predict. But is the risk of airborne operations had to win, there is no risk of action, there is no real military value. November 25, 1987, a Palestine Liberation Organization group 4 power paragliding ride single to low-flying way into Israel and attacked Israeli rear support base, and finally flew back to two people, which is single aircraft first used in combat. Airborne operations are not in combat operations in stalemate - a stalemate and failure is almost same. Preparation of modern airborne combat the difficulty and complexity of a substantial increase in airborne combat troops must be ready to encounter all kinds of situations corresponding plans, skilled to be disposed of, it may have more chance of winning. In 1970, the U.S. military to rescue prisoners of war held in Vietnam Western Hills of U.S. prisoners of war camps, organized a small-scale specialized airborne operations. However, insufficient prior reconnaissance, the U.S. military prisoners of war do not know the Vietnamese troops have been transferred, still in the original plan. U.S. military helicopters landing, and also because not familiar with the terrain and have the wrong place and hit a tree down, etc., after fierce fighting, U.S. military losses are not small, but in vain.

 

January 2009 Israeli military operation in Gaza, again as an important mobile airborne troops, for their follow-up of the Israeli army cleared the way for the front of the information, especially along the shoulder guard and search tasks.

Israel has always been known for outstanding intelligence work. 1976 Israeli raid on Entebbe airport operations, the Israeli army used a lot of intelligence gathering hijackers characteristics, airport layout, and force deployment information, and from the United States was a high-quality satellite photos, the battle front was also carried out simulation exercises operational command more by the Department of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, Defense Minister Shimon Peres led the whole operation is very careful. For airport facilities and may face a hard target, commandos carrying a Jeep vehicle recoilless guns, anti-tank missiles, armored vehicles and heavy machine guns and other weapons, occupied in the early advantage in firepower, laid the foundation for the quick fix. Upon completion of the operation, Ugandan President Amin while condemning Israeli actions, but also can not help but commend the Road, "I, as a professional soldier that attacks very successful!"

 

 

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division sergeant forward to participate in the "Star 2009" joint exercise of the national airborne troops parachuted essentials note that this aircraft, C-17 on board the United States, Egypt, Kuwait, Pakistan, Germany and Jordan, the airborne multi-country, the U.S. military hopes in coordination to enhance the national level.

Finally, the future of airborne operations as well as a modern trend is to become a weapon of asymmetric warfare environment. Today the complex international situation and the battlefield environment, has given the regular army and the headaches of traditional tactics raised the issue, the regular army in the face of small groups of armed elements or terrorist organizations often You Jin did not make, not only difficult to detect and identify, it is difficult to timely to respond, always in a passive position. The airborne rapid reaction with innate ability, but also facilitate the way the battlefield while fighting with high quality, in the regular army in is called "asymmetric combat zone," particularly suitable for asymmetric environment of military confrontation. U.S. study suggests that anti-guerrilla operations (currently it is U.S. and British war on terror experienced by the main form of) the best form of warfare is to implement small-scale combat units, combat units that can be 4 or reconnaissance team is to strengthen the ban , brigade troops for the specific environment of guerrilla who does not make sense, can only allow yourself to become bloated. Into anti-guerrilla operations, the number of troops were often dominated the enemy ambush, and reinforcements are far will not be forthcoming. However, although the airborne forces have the potential to deal with asymmetric warfare, but to become the winner of this war, its tactics have need for change and innovation. U.S. military researchers found that the traditional practice of using deep running small-scale helicopter airborne troops, the problems are more than ever before. Transport helicopter made a forced landing when the fire attack by the enemy, the situation will get worse. Movie "Black Hawk Down" is a vivid example of this situation, the enemy will be increasing in many, but the defenders of the resistance will decrease with the weakening of ammunition. The usual practice is to send the rescue helicopter carrying troops to reinforce, but opponents are not fools, they can infer the arrival of the helicopter rescue units, and possible landing place under heavy machine guns and a variety of portable air defense weapons and sit back and wait. Helicopter face of such danger, almost never return. Vietnam War, the Viet Cong would often fall in the U.S. crew members to live under siege and they know who will use the radio call the rescue, then planted an ambush around to Plaza to be workers, professionals and other rescue helicopter jumped into the pocket.

 

U.S. 82nd Airborne Division in the logistics support training camps, one instructor is using a special simulation aids for paratroopers who experience high-mobility patrol vehicle overturned attack how to protect themselves as much as possible. In Afghanistan and the Taliban, "Hummer" often encountered this kind of trouble.

Afghanistan there have been similar problems. "Washington Post" published in 2002 entitled "Takur Ghar ambush" series of articles describes the U.S. Army Rangers unit went by helicopter to rescue a besieged by the Taliban Navy "Seals" 4 Action Group encountered in all.

"Rangers have already used the bridge from the helicopter after the cargo from the aircraft, cargo along the bridge down, the soldiers will be divided into two groups, the helicopter left and right set, they practiced this action numerous times. But this time from the machine has become a mess: a soldier from the machine before in helicopter was shot dead and two others were shot in the goods on the bridge. "

2004, the same thing happening again in Afghanistan. As the ground fire was ambushed, the U.S. military Chinook helicopter was shot down, the plane survived the "seal" upon all players in the run out of ammunition, were killed, the action group were no survivors. After the U.S. military concluded that, in order to avoid this situation, we must make the rescue operations platoon size group always remain on high alert, they should take the C-130, V-22 or smaller aircraft, such aircraft at a fairly twice in the helicopter, the latter range is equivalent to 3 times. In addition, in almost all parts of the airborne landing of the plane as long as they can fly low altitude near the battlefield. If possible, be in the process of airborne parachute deployed attack aircraft bombed targets on the ground in order to cover up the transport of the engine roar. Another option is to Chenye airborne from the larger height, the process should be implemented to use combat aircraft to suppress ground to cover covert airborne landing. This approach seems very risky, but this risk will not be slow compared to a stout body and the CH-47 flew into the theater more, to know the enemy is waiting below, who may be around the landing point perilous. When the helicopters buzzing with a unique rotor declare their arrival, the enemy has enough time to carefully weaves a pocket. In contrast, paratroopers descending from the sky suddenly easier to let the enemy into confusion and promote their escape. Helicopter to land and must choose to stay open nearly 1 minute, so that everyone from the machine, compared to fixed-wing transport aircraft flying fast apparently hit by the enemy is even smaller. For the protection of pilots and helicopters shot down the aircraft crew, very effective airborne rapid response teams, they can compete for valuable time, until the armored cavalry or the arrival of heavy equipment units.

 

U.S. Army "Golden Knights" parachute demonstration team are from the CV-22 "Osprey" tiltrotor aircraft jumped on a show. Both high-speed flight, landing or hover capability short of "Osprey" is a modern airborne operations can be described as the "BMW horse" - but the U.S. must first ensure that the aircraft's reliability and maintainability.

 

July 22, 2003, Saddam's sons Uday and Qusay in Mosul, U.S. military raid encounter, both were killed. U.S. raid is the implementation of the 101st Airborne Division and special operations forces, picture shows the scene was a surprise attack, this time the U.S. military is currently using the "Tao" anti-tank missile attacks on housing.

This issue for urban warfare, airborne troops have its uses. They can glide or parachute on top of the building land - a process provided by the cover of helicopter gunships. If the weather conditions at night in fine airborne, turning control of a good use of modern umbrella can be safely with the airborne landing, if GPS is even better man. If you select a higher height from airborne, and even sneaked into the building rather than let people know.

Urban combat is not a new issue faced by conventional forces, during World War II German army in Stalingrad, the Soviet Army in Berlin, which had encountered a similar situation, when the party into the city building into a hidden erratic resistance, the battlefield environment has undergone profound changes on the other course, the implementation can be used siege artillery leveling tactics can also be advantages of close fight with strength among the rubble, but progress will be slow, and to pay a heavy price in human lives. Modern urban combat environment is clearly better than a more simple time, large forces of heavy weapons to attack the practice of force will bring considerable incidental civilian casualties, as international public opinion will not be tolerated. To deal with this erratic minority, the elite airborne troops use the dot operation is very effective, as long as reconnaissance and preparation in place, airborne forces can quickly take an enemy entrenched in the vital structures and change their confrontational posture, collapse resistant of fight, if conditions allow, or even be able to "10000 Ma Jun in the heads will take." This is a dangerous mission, but better than that the room one by one, step by step in building the brutal street fighting better. Airborne paratroopers at the top of the building allows the defenders into a panic, unable to resist effectively. May 1940, the German paratroopers is through this way, the use of glider landing Belgian defense guarded fortress Eben Ai Maer, Belgians as one waiting for the Germans were coming hard from the front, but unexpectedly the enemy head in Fort. In close cooperation with the German air force, paratroopers finally captured the fortress, the Belgians declared the fall of painstaking efforts of the fortress. If you want to rescue the hostages or attempt to capture the local senior command and staff can also use this approach. This task requires precise accuracy jump, only the elite airborne personnel to be competent. Remember, today we see the U.S. Army "Golden Knights" parachute demonstration team of skilled stunt show, not entirely pleasant eye.

 

 

 

 

 

(The four map) Belgian fortress Eben Aimar's struggling (now has been designated a war memorial), 1940, the German method of using airborne almost won it without firing a shot over the military fortress of solid and heavy artillery on the German could do nothing fall from the sky.

Mei Sheng

Today's airborne operations have not just belong to the airborne and air to enter the battlefield has become a task of many special operations required by "common practice." In the anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, and urban operations and other complex asymmetric environment, particularly the significance of airborne operations. On the other hand, airborne operations, the implementation of methods and principles are also facing environmental challenges, the information needed to prepare action plans, coordinate the planning and coordination levels that exceed the open space at any time in the past. More importantly, although modern equipment and technology has made considerable progress, but the airborne combat itself is still high-risk operations, the requirements of the fighting forces has become more stringent.

The U.S. military believes, even if to the airborne troops equipped with armored Patrick Sri Lanka, due to airborne adaptive limit, they can not play enough performance. Once on the ground, airborne commanders for battlefield purposes, has become a key force multiplier. Lightweight, modern airborne forces can better meet the ground, to help clear the city of follow-up units, jungle, mountain and other complex terrain environment, the enemy.

China should also consider building has focused on airborne, airborne forces in the current priority of the tourist-scale air assault units, such units should be equipped with transport helicopters, fixed-wing transport aircraft and helicopter gunships, have cast the whole brigade quickly focus delivery capacity (with parachute and landed the combination). Air Tu Jilv fitness equipment, a strong man to be weapons, support weapons, artillery, airborne infantry fighting vehicles, air defense weapons systems and battlefield communications systems, not the blind pursuit of heavy equipment, as long as the established environment can have the firepower advantage. Air Tu Jilv should focus on training camp, even the size of the airborne combat capabilities, strengthening grass-roots level command capability, temper independent combat capability under complex environment. Also, pay particular attention to the work of airborne operations, logistics support, supplies to have specialized capabilities, coordinate the program must be developed before the implementation of follow-up force to coordinate the action plan, and try to ensure the airborne troops continued operations after landing problem. So as to seize the airport for a special mission, airborne troops also have the ability to maintain state of the airport is available, it also attaches particular importance to the engineering unit of use. U.S. 82nd Airborne Division unit on with a project, under the jurisdiction of lightweight airport maintenance scheduling (LARP), to emergency repair runways. These forces should be in the equipment and organization to achieve professional and intensive training for such operations.

Airborne combat modern environment now is a complete solution is not a new proposition. There is no doubt that even the future of modern warfare, with rapid response capability, airborne is still the most qualified in the most needed time to be used in place of most need.

 

Links: airborne Monitor

We are paratroopers, we are supposed to be surrounded.

We are paratroopers, we are to be surrounded.

- "Band of Brothers" in the U.S. 101 Airborne Division Air Captain Winters

 

Give me a submachine gun to the eradication (Germany) paratroopers later reported to me.

- "Battle of Moscow" in German Zhukov reported airborne paratroopers near the headquarters, said after

 

Guards Bastogne 5 days later, faced with the Germans to capitulate proposed requirements are around the U.S. 101st Airborne Division Commander McCoy Lifuzhunqiang response was "Nuts!" (Elegant little, it can be translated as "to your now! ") 3 days after Patton's 3rd Army division of the Circuit of the solution.

 

We will ride into the battle, and this, is our horse.

We will ride into battle, and this is our horse.

- "We are soldiers," Lt. Col. Moore, pointing in the UH-1 helicopter on the 7th Cavalry Regiment soldiers say.

 

"At that time (Airborne Division), 61 aircraft have been off, prepared to go to Haiti, they are at the last minute to accept our conditions. Cedras (Haiti's military junta) has been informed that our plane took off from the Popu Air Force Base After the negotiations almost immediately agreed to the conditions of the original refusal to accept the key issue. "

- September 19, 1994, former U.S. Vice President Al Gore to the 82nd Airborne Division, said a speech.

 

Guess that means one of us is in the wrong drop zone.

That means two of us in a landing zone was wrong.

Yes, or both of us.

Yes, maybe we were both wrong.

- "Band of Brothers" in airborne dialogue

 

(Use) airborne troops commander can provide a way to exert a decisive influence on the situation of the war way.

- Theory of U.S. airborne operations

 

Building a more lightweight, more combat power and combat readiness level of airborne forces in the United States more quickly and thoroughly beat global competitors need.

- U.S. Airborne operations researchers

 

Link: Classic Television force and airborne operations

1962, "the longest day" (The Longest Day)

 

The film with the same name published in 1959, modeled on the military history books (the book's script adaptation of the right to sell 175,000 U.S. dollars, an astronomical figure at that time considered), true reproduction of the June 6, 1944 launch of the Normandy campaign. Many involved in the film's military advisors are then fought in the Normandy Beach go fight the veterans, so the film scene realism quite commendable. A small amount of length film about the Allied airborne early parachute European to win to land, ensure the successful implementation of the landing situation. Today, the war according to Hollywood standards of chapter operations, "the longest day" in the props area does have it away shots, but without the computer's virtual technology that can capture this video is not easy.

 

1977 "bridge too far" (A Bridge Too Far)

 

The end of 1944, the Allies generally filled with an abnormal internal optimism, many people believe that the war will end soon, maybe will be able to return home before Christmas. British Field Marshal Montgomery proposed a final blow to the Germans, through large-scale airborne operations to seize bridges and main roads in the Netherlands, to run its course in Germany. British airborne troops, Major General Robert Robert Urquhart (Xinkangnali ornaments) to lead, together with the common U.S. paratroopers seized five bridges in the Netherlands, while 约翰弗洛斯克 Lieutenant Colonel (Anthony Hopkins decoration) of the task is leading the paratroopers guarding Arnhem (Arnhem then translated) the most important bridge town - a large force would result by Allied. The plan calls for all troops to be well above the clock, like clockwork precision to arrive at the scheduled time and occupied target for this difficulty, a plan the British officials said, "I think we went a bridge too far . " Another accident in British thinking is that they do not understand the situation of the German deployment, Arnhem excellent stationed around the fact the German Waffen SS. The "market - Garden," the disastrous results of operations is naturally destined.

 

2001 "Band of Brothers" (Band of Brothers)

 

This 10-episode TV series truly reflects the theme of the film production of the U.S. military standard, large battle scenes, small clothing slang, almost could not pick any flaws, so that the domestic military video really feel a bit overshadowed. Well-known historians 斯蒂芬安布 Ross vigor of skill with big Steven Spielberg created the amazing "Band of Brothers." TV in the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division 506 Mission 2 business E even as the performance target, even from the training camp in Georgia began to write, to Normandy, "the market - Garden" operation, salient campaign and other major actions include the recent, Airborne operations can be regarded as the "Classic Concentration." More interesting is the film we can see World War II style rich dialogue, set an primary officers, soldiers hysteria, mental depression medical troops, more war and humanity is the ordinary feeling and thinking - these are not the East preaching style. In short, this is a drama worthy of repeated viewing.

 

2001 "Black Hawk Down" (Black Hawk Down)

 

Mogadishu in Somalia in an attack, the U.S. Delta Force, Rangers, and Air Force special operations component of the action group had plans to use capturing a half hours to complete action, but because of inadequate preparation and intelligence errors, leading to arrested fishing operations into chaos, two U.S. UH-60 "Blackhawk" helicopter was shot down after another crash, the surviving members of the helicopter plunged into the enemy surrounded arrests soon turn into a rescue operation. U.S. troops in Mogadishu, the Somali militia or civilians caught in heavy siege, fighting 15 hours before the withdrawal of reinforcements under cover safe area, 19 U.S. soldiers killed in action, but the Somali militia casualties of civilians and more than 1,000 people. The film made combat helicopter landed less than the city, you can simply use as a negative example.

 

2002 "We were soldiers" (We were Soldiers)

 

In 1965, Mel Gibson played Haermoer lieutenant colonel was ordered to lead the 7th Cavalry Regiment 1st Battalion in Vietnam combat. The order for Moore could not calm: 7 Cavalry Regiment history Qiaozhikasi Crystal Lieutenant Colonel in 1876, little big horn mountains of Indian militants were killed in battle, his troops most was destroyed.

Optimistic about the U.S. soon for their own paid the price: in an offensive war, because of lack of intelligence work, he led 395 soldiers arrived in the UH-1 helicopter into the "Valley of Death" does not know that Vietnamese troops stationed here, a full strength division, their opponents are more than 4,000 Vietnamese soldiers. One can imagine the brutality of the fighting, U.S. military casualties significantly, equipment and even more disadvantaged Vietnamese troops. In Moore finally issued a "Broken Arrow" signal for help, the whole film became a United States air force ground attack capability of the performance - of course not forget the exposed film about scars: F-100 actually invested in the U.S. position to napalm , causing no small fire. In the end, Moore led his troops launch anti-assault, the command post to the Vietnamese troops launched attacks on a variety of firearms, the former Fang Yuejun intensive targeting them, suddenly became the savior of the U.S. armed helicopters: the Gatling gun to the more violent Army flesh and blood flying, the U.S. military eventually forced to maintain a winner's image.

 

2008 "vertical combat" (Vertical Buffet)

 

This TV series be made more than a reflection of China's airborne building one movie and TV work. From the quality point of view, the film does not seem to be regarded as classics, but still the operational characteristics of the airborne nature and explain it more clearly. Airborne special warfare brigade in which the organizational and operational thinking more in line with modern warfare, but really to have such combat capability, delivery vehicles, special equipment and tactics also need to progress all the details. The greatest significance of the film is to enable viewers to understand the war from the air, the importance of intervention, understanding the airborne special forces Zhezhi malleable.

U.S. aircraft carrier invisible thugs: Analysis of U.S. Navy's X-47B unmanned aircraft
Benefited from the war in Afghanistan, in recent years the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles. Ten years ago no one imagined that people can not attack aircraft, and now has not only flower but also bear the fruit of the garden trees. And compared to the existing fleet of unmanned attack aircraft, the U.S. Navy in recent years the development of X-47B unmanned aircraft is more a landmark - it is invisible on the future aircraft carrier thugs.

 

 
UAV has been used widely in Afghanistan, also celebrates its golden age.
November 3, 2001, in the Afghan war, the U.S. military UAV RQ-1B was the F-15E in cooperation with, killing al-Qaeda number two man at that time 阿尔阿提夫 to create an armed non- machine in the history of the first record of the war. The February 15, 2010, Pakistan and Afghanistan border in North Waziristan tribal region, East Turkistan terrorist organization leader Abdul 克蒂尔基斯 Tenney has been the U.S. military's MQ-9 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle killed.

No one from the testing machine to a dedicated attack aircraft

In the past decade, the armed UAV has been very rapid development of the war in Afghanistan in 2001 the RQ-1B actually just testing machine, is in the traditional reconnaissance UAVs simple to install weapons, and now the MQ- 9 is based on the RQ-1B UAV developed by private armed, were targeted in many ways to improve operational performance improvement. As the armed UAVs in Afghanistan and Iraq combat environment, good performance, but will not cause any casualties, the U.S. military is accelerating the procurement of armed UAVs and their ground control stations, and training essential to UAV professional control personnel to improve the efficient use of armed UAVs and combat effectiveness, even at the part of the pilot diverted to the ground control station remote control UAV.

 

 
X-47B flight of imagination map, a bit like a trumpet in the B-2A.
Some UAVs can not replace the active machine

However, MQ-9 unmanned aerial vehicle when such a large aircraft more suitable for the war on terrorism can only be fully protected in case of air supremacy over the beat stand-in theater, do not have the ability to penetrate each other's air defense system, it is also possible to replace some combat aircraft, as the main large-scale operations. However, this situation is tending to change, the U.S. Navy in this area before going in the U.S. Air Force, which is currently stepping up the "naval unmanned combat aircraft" (UCAV-N) project, while Northrop - Grumman The X-47B "Pegasus" test machine is a demonstrator of the project.

X-47B aircraft can take off and land automatically

X-47B has a very advanced features, not only the higher flight performance, operational load a substantial increase in combat radius of considerable, but also give full consideration to the design of stealth, the key is that it can automatically take off and land at the carrier, and with independent air refueling capacity. X-47B can be seen as a piece of the U.S. armed UAV important milestone in the development, it will conduct its first flight later this year, and plans in 2011 on the carrier take-off and landing for demonstration programs. Although the X-47B is also somewhat delayed, but the U.S. Navy was still on their high expectations, hoping UCAV-N can be formally commissioned in about 2018. Released in February this year, the U.S. Department of Defense, "QDR Report", reiterated its commitment to continue to invest in unmanned aerial vehicle.

 

 
X-47B's dimensions are enormous, and the F/A-18E/F wing very commencement.
Boeing and Northrop Grumman were manufactured Demonstrator

And the U.S. like in many high-tech equipment, X-47B is the first by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) proposed. However, Siding with the U.S. Air Force Boeing a different U.S. Navy involved in the project will ask the manufacturer Boeing and Northrop Grumman each demonstrator. This option is the U.S. Navy has its justification, while Northrop Grumman has a long-term is the leading provider of carrier aircraft, the other hand, the acquisition of Northrop Grumman UAV in 1999 established players Ryan (Ryan). Boeing launched the X-45N, Northrop Grumman is introduced X-47A.

Size almost equal to the X-47B Hornet

In 2003, DARPA will be the Air Force and Navy plan to merge their name was changed to "Joint Unmanned Combat Aircraft System" (J-UCAS) program, the development of these two companies own X-45C and X-47B as a demonstrator, assessment Air Force and Navy will still be able to choose according to their own models. This train of thought inevitably leads to division, turned in February 2006 J-UCAS program will come to an end, the Air Force and the Navy decided to go it alone each year and a half after the latter is chosen as the X-47B UCAV-N project demonstrator. From the shape up, X-47A and X-47B is consistent with DARPA sound progressive ideas, X-47B in size than the X-47A rapid amplification, size almost equal to F/A-18E/F, and the cabin is equipped with bombs and ammunition in preparation handling and delivery presentation from JT15D-5C engine replaced the F100-PW-220U, two engines are Pratt - Whitney production.

 

 
Based on X-47B of the UCAV-N will increase the depth of the aircraft carrier strike capability.
Using ultra-high coefficient of Oil

Most long-endurance UAV is through the use of large aspect ratio wing to increase the range, take the large ones and then "black spy Miss" U-2 is almost the same. For the UCAV-N, for both the penetration from the guaranteed performance point of view, or from the aircraft carrier deck operations point of view, this is undesirable. X-47B ultra-secret is used within the oil factor. X-47B's maximum takeoff weight of just over 20 tons, but its empty weight of only 6 tons, largely eliminating the need for all and the people about the weight of the overhead. Taking into account the X-47B's payload is 4,500 pounds, converted into metric system is about 2 tons in oil to more than 11 tons, 5 tons larger than the F/A-18E about F-35 should be large than 2 tons of .

Combat radius than the F-35C more

This is to ensure that X-47B, with 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) combat radius of the key, and CV JSF project type (that is, F-35C) the requirement is to reach 600 nautical miles. This value of more than 200 nautical miles out of a huge aircraft carrier battle group can not only be more secure in a position, you can implement to combat task deeper inland. U.S. Navy on the X-47B's performance is not met, it is hoped that UCAV-N to achieve 900-1000 nautical miles combat radius, so the battle group could remain in office flying 500 nautical miles from shore, nearly 500 nautical miles inland up the implementation of combat missions . 500 nautical miles from shore if the Department has refueling support to aircraft carrier battle group can stay at a distance of 1,000 nautical miles away from shore.

 

 
X-47B on the built-in stealth missile tank is clearly visible.
X-47B does not have the combat capability

In weapons, X-47B entirely dependent on the built-in tank shells, no wing mount point available. X-47B two built-in elastic cabins can accommodate a 2000 lbs class JDAM, and F-117A of the payload is basically the same, except that the X-47B for the emergence of some new ammunition in recent years has been optimized For example, a total of 250 pounds can accommodate eight-level SDB. X-47B of the payload to be far more than the current armed UAVs, and full-stealth mode of the F-35C and no essential difference, just short of two AIM-120 for self-defense Bale. However, both the X-47B is the future of the UCAV-N do not have the air capacity, which is entirely due to the current technical limitations of UAVs.

Inheritance of the flying wing B-2 stealth

X-47B's greatest strength lies in stealth penetration. As the X-47B is not the pilot and cockpit, so stealth design would be a great convenience, some aircraft do not need to make many compromises. Even take the production company X-47B Northrop Grumman, to explore the hidden side of not more than the Lockheed Martin F-117A Development of a small number, B-2A bomber and the YF-23 fighter is its masterpiece, the development is well placed to exploit X-47B, of course. X-47B in the shape like a kite, in fact, X-47A should also like kites. Located on the inlet surface of the natural shielding by the flying wing, ground radar can not be exposed directly to the engine, low-end vents can be seen also inherited the B-2A design. Under this series design, X-47B has a very excellent radar and infrared low observability, to ensure that it can break through the enemy's air defense circles, manned combat aircraft for the follow-up to open access.

 

 
Competition with the YF-22 YF-23 prototype, the Air Force had two regardless of the prototype in detail.
American demonstrator and prototype

Be noted that the X-47B lot of people have misunderstood that the X-47B is the ultimate service of the UCAV-N, which is in fact not correct. Indeed, in 2008 Northrop Grumman X-47B launch time, it seems very close to the combat aircraft in service, but in fact there is a considerable distance from the target distance. U.S. 90 in the last century, before the procurement of new aircraft before the introduction of authentication is usually the first prototype machine, and the former to increase the number prefix X, Y which should increase the number prefix.

For example, in 80 starts ATF (Advanced Tactical Fighter) project, formed the YF-22 and YF-23 prototype two. Before the mass production prototype will be a lot to improve, sometimes this process is very long, such as YF-22 to F-22A took in 2056 and started production of initial low it took about the same time to test side small side change.

To the JSF (Joint Strike Fighter) project, due to technical difficulties very large, the Defense Department first requested the final short-listed manufacturers Boeing and Lockheed Martin X-32 and X-35 are two verification machines, and then skip the prototype stage to prototype development. Not difficult to find, X-47B is not possible with X's ID to the service, and now we are seeing is absolutely not a prototype or a prototype, but technology demonstrator.

 
F-35's F135 engine is likely to become the driving force for the future UCAV-N.
X-47B engine problems

X-47B aircraft in service from a real gap in many ways, the most obvious is probably the engine of the. X-47B with the F100-PW-220U is active in the F100-PW-220 engine afterburner removed formed, which is mainly to improve the F100-PW-100 poor reliability, as early as 1985 in the service, and are early 20th century, the skill level of 80, is a very old engine. If the UCAV-N with this old-fashioned in 2018 to service the engine, it is completely unimaginable, and the U.S. Navy has never been equipped F100 series engines, which is now back on even very undesirable.

Future formal service of the UCAV-N is most likely using a non-afterburning F135 engine model derivative, because this engine will follow the F-35C early in the U.S. Navy, no matter from which perspective is the most reasonable. And the F135 has a very good performance, it does not open in the middle of afterburner thrust than, the F100-PW-220 afterburning thrust is much greater, which means that the next thrust in cruise Xu Yong, F135 may have a lower unit thrust fuel consumption, improve the UCAV-N This is a combat radius of a lot of good. This, UCAV-N is also likely to further enlarge the size to be able to increase payload, improve the flexibility of carrying weapons.

 

 
UCAV-N and the JSF will be common in the "Ford" class nuclear-powered aircraft carrier service (note the red circle office two wings folded X-47B).
The future mass production of the UCAV-N will allow the U.S. Navy has a long-range stealthy strike capability, it also will change the future of U.S. Navy Carrier Air Wing operations model, not only F-35C as a simple add-to-ground attack. This is primarily because despite the F-35C also features on the ground attack capability, and ability to multi-task than the implementation of the UCAV-N no more, but its performance in the air war costs too much, but weakens to attack some of the skills, which allow UCAV-N in the future will assume a more important penetration of the ground attack role.

Second, despite the F-35C air combat performance in the sacrifices to pay a larger or a compromise, however, has retired its F-14 compared to the time in addition to the patrol, radar performance and other indicators have strengths, F-35C's own mobility is not prominent, can not ensure the absolute carrier battle group air safety. Therefore, future U.S. Navy Carrier Air Wing is bound to the emergence of a new carrier-based aircraft marshalling and operational mode.

 

X-47B at this stage only the technology demonstrator, from a real service model differs in many ways. But the X-47B has the clues emerge to tell us that not only the future of unmanned planes will fly the sky together with some fighters, but also in planning future operations of endeavor. Also another point to think, after many improvements to the final service after the UCAV-N positive than the X-47B is more advanced, more powerful, it also illustrates the high technical content of advanced unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as the U.S. Navy for its tactical and technical index set high.
 

Imaginary unit refurbished U.S. Navy F-16 J-10, subject to increase combat
Core Tip: U.S. Global Strategic Network April 29, 2010 published, entitled "Top Gun back from the dead," the article, saying in recent years, as China continues to upgrade its air combat capability, in order to deal with Russia's F-10 and m Georgia 29 fighters, the U.S. Navy renovated a number of F-16N aircraft conduct training as an imaginary enemy, simulation and other new Jian-10 fighter.

 

Data Figure: U.S. Navy Weapons School attached to the F-16N Top Gun Fighter, U.S. Navy fighters to imitate and active characteristics of different models designed for the Air Force equipped with F-16

 

Data for: "Top Gun" in the Tom Cruise and F-14 performances by world-renowned for Top Gun

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 30 reported that the U.S. global strategic network of 29 April, 2010 published, entitled "Top Gun back from the dead," the article, the article mentioned that since the end of the Cold War to the Cold War, with the SU ( Russia) to reduce training time pilots, the U.S. Navy and Air Force's Top Gun and the "Red Flag exercises" are ignored once the pilot training program, but in recent years, as China continues to upgrade its air combat capability, fighter pilots get more flight training time, the U.S. military pilot training should be strengthened to some extent, Top Gun and Red Flag exercise program has been restored to its momentum. The article said that in order to deal with Russia's MiG-J -10 and -29 fighters, the U.S. Navy F-16N renovation of a group of fighters conduct training as an imaginary enemy, F-16 is Russia and the MiG -29 J -10 Most modern aircraft such as the template.

The article first said that the U.S. Navy Air Force National Guard renovation (US Air Force National Guard) the extra F-16 fighter flight simulator, to help use their F-16 pilots to maintain a good state, aims to use the Navy F-16 training F-18 fighter pilots how to deal with China and other potential adversaries in the fighter. U.S. Navy F-16 the reason is that most of these fighter aircraft to reproduce the high-end performance of the enemy, since China and Russia as its J-F-16 and MiG -29 -10 most modern fighters such as the template. In the late 80s of last century, the U.S. Navy bought 26 F-16 special Model - F-16N aircraft, but during the 90s in the last century, due to metal fatigue, these F-16N Navy retired fighters, and then must wait for the re-16 F-16N was the time, the Navy has been waiting nearly 10 years. Today, these refurbished cockpit flight simulator to make improvements to meet the Navy's use of the F-16 fighter (trained pilots) need.

The article goes on to say, the U.S. military also uses the F-5 trainer training pilots to simulate the lower performance of enemy fighters, two years ago, the Navy completed an on-going efforts of the six-year plan, which is converted from the Swiss procurement and the 44 F-5E fighter aircraft. The United States used F-5 fighter, a 12-ton aircraft, MiG -21 fighters in general and similar to the usual situation, F-5 fighter planes equipped with 20 mm caliber guns, you can mount the 3 tons of missiles and bombs . Improvement and renovation of a group of U.S. Navy purchased from the Swiss F-5 fighter planes, so their performance can be better with the Russian or Chinese planes to match.

Global Strategic Network also said that the MiG -21 fighters are still widely used today, although they are rapidly disappearing with. Mig -21 aircraft was a 9.5-ton other aircraft, is the product of the last century 50s, MiG -21 are the most widely used after World War II aircraft production, production of 10,000 aircraft over, this aircraft cheap , easy to maintain, but in the air is not so effective. MiG -21 was too country to maintain the service because fighter is its low price, there is its avionics and weapons systems are easy to upgrade a wide range of improvements. Although not really used to fight against the design, but the MiG -21 can carry 1.5 tons of bombs. Once the U.S. military pilots to fly up like the F-5 MiG -21 fighters for training competitors, they can (in actual combat) to better kill MiG -21.

U.S. media said the U.S. planes to use "imaginary training" (aggressor training) actually began in the 60s, the original Top Gun (meant to top, first-class means, in fact, an imaginary enemy for the U.S. Navy training unit) fighter flight school by the U.S. Navy set up in 1969, as was when the Vietnam war, the U.S. military to deal with driving in the Russian-made fighter pilots Vietnamese pilots poor performance. Emphasized in training pilots and fighter aircraft control performance, it was Top Gun fighter pilot training is unique, in this way is called "for different types of air combat training" (Dissimilar Air Combat Training). Before that, the U.S. military pilot training methods that the U.S. pilots against American pilots, and everyone is driving U.S. production of aircraft, all of the tactical use of the United States, this training method is effective during World War II, because it was the enemy pilots did not get a lot of training, they at least like to use with the U.S. military aircraft and similar tactics, and, more importantly, the war was a time when a large number of Kongzhong Fighting continued, which provided for the pilots who adequate opportunity "to train at work" (on-the-job training), while fighting training. Circumstances change during the Vietnam War, the biggest change is that the Soviet Union (Russia) trained pilot in Vietnam, which U.S. military pilots for a terrible time. The four-week pilot training program leading to solve this problem. The Air Force will soon follow the "Red Flag exercises" (Red Flag) in the path.

The article mentioned that in the past 30 years, the two pilot training project was a different development, and the whole "for different types of air combat training" concept has changed. Continuation of the Top Gun Navy training ship-based fighter pilot projects to sharpen the combat skills. U.S. Air Force is to "Red Flag" is more precise details of the project, the introduction of many types of aircraft involved in combat missions, especially in the fight against electronic warfare. However, since the end of the Cold War, more and more apparent to a new situation is that few American fighter pilots for potential adversaries to provide more training, in other words, the U.S. military pilots, "for different types of air combat training "have become less important during the Cold War it was, in fact, it is worth noting that, in the 80s of last century the Soviet pilots flying skills have been in decline, when the Soviet Union's economic problems led to the pilot's training time, At the same time, U.S. pilots have increased the actual training time, and the United States increasingly effective flight simulator, even though the U.S. pilots are game-oriented combat flight simulator for pilot training is also valuable. Therefore, in the last century, the late 90s, Top Gun and Red Flag exercises are cut funding for the project, but the training program going on, they do remember very clearly set up the first two reasons for the exercise program. Today, China is continuing to upgrade its air combat capability, fighter pilots with more flight time, China's bellicose attitude of the United States cherish it, it is necessary to strengthen the U.S. Navy's Top Gun training program, to some extent, Top Gun and Red Flag exercises in the recovery project has been the year of glory. China's move is certainly a very meaningful, in that they are serious aspects of the pilot readiness to be to beat Taiwan and U.S. pilots. "For different types of air combat training" and then closed the time.
 

Korean military statement said the wreck vengeance starting culprit will pay the price
Core Tip: 29, Yonhap reported that South Korean Navy chief of staff Kim praised the same day, "Tian number" wreck victims funeral said: "We will not sit idly by the suffering caused to the national forces." "We will thoroughly to identify the culprit accident, let him pay a higher price. "This is the military in the" Tian "ship sank after the accident, first published revenge will.

 

Korean soldiers were killed at Tiananmen remains memorial ship.

 

Tian An end part of the salvage ship water.

Global Times reported April 29 on the 29th, according to Yonhap News Kim praised the South Korean navy chief of staff of 29 on the "Tian" will ship the occasion for revenge, have drawn attention.

Kim praised the morning in the Second Fleet Command Pyeongtaek at the "Tian number" sunken memorial ceremony on the victims, as the officers and men of the funeral eulogy to the late chairman, said: "We will not sit by and watch suffering caused to the national forces. "" We will fully identify the culprit accident, let him pay a higher price. "

This is the military, "Tian" ship sank after the accident, first published revenge will.

Kim praised at the ceremony with a trembling voice continued: "March 26, occurred at sea in paekyong situation should not happen." "We must not forgive should not forgive, not forget this."

Prior to the Korean domestic and foreign joint mission composed of experts drawn the preliminary conclusion that ships from the non-contact external explosion caused heavy, torpedo or mine attack by the possibility of the highest, while the mine face the possibility of South Korea was ruled out, there are Korean media finds that the accident caused by the North Korean side. However ROK not find a "decisive evidence" to determine accident culprit.
 

Australian defense minister asked the Navy expanded its operations in China must be transparent
Core Tip: Australian Defense Minister 约翰福克纳 has asked China to be on the rapid expansion of the Navy's military to be open and transparent. He also said that Australian Department of Defense has been enhanced for the tactical defense operations in China, including the defense strategy of holding more open exchange of activities and enhance the common interests.

 

Data Figure: China's naval fleet. The article said the Chinese in Australia have increased for the tactical defensive action.

 

Data for: Australia Navy's Aegis ship program. Australia has been on the South West Pacific countries in the region show a high degree of military preparedness concerns.

LONDON April 30 report, according to "The Australian" website on April 29 report, the Australian defense minister 约翰福克纳 demand that China must maintain a rapid expansion of the Navy's military openness and transparency.

U.S. officials had warned that the expansion rate of the Chinese navy is much faster than they predicted. Beijing plans to build new nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers, which will enable the Chinese navy's military power far from the coast extending to the sea.

Faulkner said the Australian White Paper, along with robust economic growth, China will continue to develop its military capability. "The Australian Government's view, China's military modernization must be transparent, so that countries in the region to understand China's military intentions behind the decision."

Faulkner also said the Australian Defense Department has enhanced the tactical defense against the Chinese actions, including the defense strategy of holding more open exchange of activities and enhance the common interests.

Australian Strategic Policy Institute, April 28 released a new report that China's military expansion in the United States Navy is committed to ending the leading role in the Asia Pacific region. Report, which will result in the event of a serious regional conflict, the Americans hard to intervene in aid China Taiwan, Japan and other allies.

University of Wollongong from Australia's "national marine resources and security center" of the expert 克里斯拉曼 that whether China's current limited capacity of ocean-going operations, or China could develop an aircraft carrier in the future, these are not the focus of the present. "At present, priority needs attention is blocked in China's growing military capabilities in crisis situations, or Chongtu into East Asia Haiyu the 入口, breaking You Meijun Pacific Command-led security system might be threatened Diquzhixu He Haishanghuxie . "Raman said:" China's maritime strategy in East Asia - not the occasional deep-sea operations - is with great strategic significance. "
 

Core Tip: April 29, India announced the delivery of the ship made its first P-17 级 stealth warships, saying that the radar has a stealth effect of warships make India into the top ranks of the country of manufacture warships. The world except India, only the United States, Britain, Russia, France, China, Japan and Italy have the ability to build such ships.
 Data Figure: India P-17 stealth frigate project's first ship, "Shiwalike" was starting date: 2001.7.11 Launch date: 2003.4.18 Global Times - World Wide Web on April 30 reported Press Trust of India April 29 MUMBAI, India announced today delivered its first ship-made stealth warships, saying that the radar has a stealth effect of warships make India into the top ranks of the country of manufacture warships.
Indian Defense Minister Antonio called "Project 17" the first ship - "Shenwalike" frigate delivery, is the history of the Indian army should be in letters of the day. The article said that "Shenwalike" frigate length of 143 meters, full load displacement of 5,000 tons, its not easy to detect radar signals reflected the world in addition to India, only the United States, Britain, Russia, France, China, Japan and Italy with the construction of the ability of such ships. Anthony said: "For the Indian Navy, the Indian army and the Indian shipbuilding industry, and today are worthy of letters of the day. From then on we can see themselves as a truly strong sea power, for our long coastline, our navy need to remain vigilant. "

Mongol armies swept across Asia and Europe in the eight magic weapon
Unified north and south from the desert to create empire since the descendants of Genghis Khan and the Mongol cavalry relying on 200 000, dash Asia and Europe for decades, the occupation of Russia, Poland, Hungary, Germany, exterminate the economic, cultural and more developed, with a few million people, with hundreds of thousands, millions of troops of Jin, Song, Huacizaimo. The cruel oppression of the Department, are all Wangfengpimi.

 

Why so keen on the Mongol invasion? First, the Mongols, the foreign wars of national survival as dependent, Guer afraid of death, long-term trend of strong expansion. Just out of the tribal society, the Mongols, keen not to change the habits of predatory war, defeat the enemy in order to "take their horses, swept his wife, of their land" is the expansion of Mongolian society an important mechanism for survival and power. After the founding of the unified Mongolian tribes have become Genghis Khan "golden family" and Xun Chen dignitaries of the property is no longer plunder the object, which is bound to make their affluent neighbors as to plunder goals. Mongols and then compared all enemies, both in cultural and material remain backward, large-scale capture of plunder is always the incentive to maintain strong combat effectiveness of its causes and dynamic. In particular the Mongolian army from 1189 onwards, led by Genghis Khan fought a continuous battle for 30 years, had become a war machine. Chucai wrote in the poem: "Creation of Yin Ma River, the purports Xi Rong Xian elephant. Flags Bikong dust up days, such as Hong Qi little knowledge is a warrior. Qinwang Han Wu said the soldiers are poor, clapped his hands lightly with a smile." Mongolia is the western expedition force was a true portrayal of morale and military might.

 

Second, the Mongols were born professional soldiers, with the East-West all settled farming peoples do not have the will and ability to continuous fighting. And northern China, like other nomads, the Mongol warrior is that childhood, grew up on horseback, a child's toy is the bow and arrow, an adult can be considered as early as after a professional soldier. In the cold and hard as they grew up in an environment with extremely tough-working character, the treatment of physical conditions almost never pay attention to, climb ice in it as common to see snow lying. Long-distance journey is the habit since childhood. Do not pay attention to the material conditions, which makes the logistics burden of the Mongolian armed forces look very light. Continuous operations of their will and ability is the aristocratic cavalry Western pampered and central China were put on a uniform is always matched by the farmers. This from a difficult environment and nomadic systems honed mental advantage is the quality of the Mongolian army commander in the days under the command of Genghis Khan swept across Central Asia and Europe can be the most important lies.

 

National characteristics and advantages of the overall quality of fear of war, destined to battle the Mongol armies is a strong contention. Then, the Mongol armies swept across Asia and Europe specifically rely on what is it? Bo Liu, Xing through in-depth primary research, that the Mongols owned "eight magic weapons", is able to repeatedly defeat the enemy while their male as the true determinant of the world.

 

Magic 1: Trinity whole community system. Mongol Empire was the military feudal empire, its most prominent feature is the military and social integration, the military and civilians, the Min Jie soldiers, the soldiers are the people, the majority of farmers working in peacetime, wartime Kuama bow into battle. The tribal leader is the management of the production life of the organizers, but also the management of the organizers of military operations. In the war abroad, we can mobilize all the people, all ages, all participated in combat operations. If Hualazaimo country long siege, that is, participation of all citizens living in the city under grazing to maintain the army's offensive power continued until the city was captured. This production, administrative, military organizations, the Trinity, to effectively solve the elementary force alone, a shortage of troops, command inconvenience contradictions, the Mongol Empire into a big camp, formed a strong military campaign in decades , the unbeatable, all-conquering, invincible.

 

Magic 2: Eclectic employment mechanism. Genghis Khan was born the employer not only asked the class, but also broke the clan and ethnic boundaries. Therefore, in Genghis Khan men of all nationalities gathered a large number of useful talents, such as Naiman Khan's handprint sun Tata Commission officials fear Wu A, Chen Jin of the Khitan people down Chucai, Uighur people Tianzhen Hai, Han Ni-day history of father and son, with tight son, Huacizimo human dental red tile assassination and his son, as well as the Persian, Kipchak, turn Roth, Alan and other departments of a number of talents. Historical records say, was the Mongol Khan Mountain on colorful clothes, language diversity, talents indeed, all over the country. These people not only actively the implementation of political and military line of Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan, but also a lot of ideas out of his line to develop a correct political and military played an important role. A system such as the Tata helped Genghis Khan created a fear Wu Tzu books to help improve the various systems of Genghis Khan; Chucai help Mongolia achieve the conversion from the slavery to the feudal system by the transformation of the nomadic economy to the agricultural economy; Tian Zhenhai started the Farming established the famous city of Zhenhai. All in all, Genghis Khan's men in general both born in slavery, the King, another of the original pioneer of the enemy general, both born in this family were Wangda Chen, but also from all clans, civil officials and the commander of all ethnic groups only. They are carrying out political and military line of Genghis Khan at all levels of the backbone, is the Genghis Khan depend mainly on the strength of victory.

 

Magic 3: The world's most powerful and mobile cavalry. In order to train the best knight, Mongolia, the three-year-old child to accept a special strict riding, archery training. These small children trained by the composition of the cavalry troops, fighting qualities and skills are very impressive, they charge on horseback, whether or rapid withdrawal of the enemy can shoot accurately. This is also the European army without giving the time of anti-Mongolian cavalry himself suffered major casualties. It is worth mentioning that the Mongols, the bow and set of horse harness and horse nets network. Their long bows larger, be roughly equivalent to 80 kg of force to pull, anti-range shot up to 300 meters on the equipment if the arrow on the sharp metal arrows, can penetrate the thickest armor, Mongolia The most important anti-cavalry weapon. In addition, the set of horse harness and horse nets network is a regular Western troops hard to prevent. Mongolian horse is small, but strong endurance, environmental and food requirements are low, both in Asia and alpine desert, or in European Plain, the Mongolian horse, can find food at any time. Can be said that the Mongol armies relied on horses to defeat the enemy, each soldier with more horses, by transfer to maintain horsepower, sometimes exhausted food will drink the blood pulse Chema, milk drink milk. Mongolian horses Mongolian military has made a special advantage to any army was hard to match the speed and mobility.

 

Magic Weapon 4: strange strategy and tactics. European troops have the usual style of Knight, advocating a positive one to one upright fighting. In fact, the Mongolian army of light cavalry at any time can not be one to one to defeat the heavily armored cavalry of Europe, Europe, heavily armored cavalry spears and epee destructive hands is much greater than the Mongolian cavalry sword, lance or mace Unfortunately, the Mongols are not in accordance with the rules to the European knight. In particular, they stressed that the mobile unit wins to distant encircling winding, divided into two punch as the main tactical feature. Mongolian long-distance mobility have reached a historically unprecedented degree, they are often on a large scale mobile Barry, difficult to predict and prevent the enemy to attack them. Mongols in the battle seldom rely on the positive impact of simple, commonly used method is that a small part of the cavalry constantly harass the enemy, retreating after the attack. The Western military attack, whether infantry or cavalry square matrix at this time are difficult to quickly hit back, because they must maintain a tight formation moving forward, or can not use their advantage of anti-Mongolian soldiers. Mongolian Army cavalry usually need only one or two such shocks would allow the enemy morale was shaken formation confusion. Once the enemy began to retreat, large shape will quickly become a Mongolian cavalry outflanking formations, close-up of the slash on the enemy. With the Mongol armies is a high degree of mobility and flexibility, only a small number of casualties and destroying a large number of strong but clumsy armored forces in Europe. For example against Hungary, the Mongols defeated only three hundred thousand Hungarian army people quickly overcome Perth City, killing thousands of people. Modern European military history experts believe that the European army and the Mongol army in the war casualties, perhaps the most cold steel age disparity.

 

Magic 5: age of cold steel of the most advanced weapons. Apart from the empire of Genghis Khan conquered regions, and seized a large number of iron and other strategic materials Some Gold, also captured a large number of artisans as artists, to protect them. He appointed since the war from the unified Mongol nation to pursue their own generals Ha Sana is the Islamic system tube, set up in Mongolia metallurgy and weapons factories, engaged in metallurgy and production of various types of equipment, so that continuous access of the Mongolian armed forces world-class weapons. Devices such as riprap, bronze cannons, rocket launchers, flamethrowers, napalm, etc.. Gunpowder and rocket type of weapon in the cold steel of the times, the power of nature is amazing, and the other, those who have never seen their enemies, there is also a great psychological deterrent. Poles at the time described the Mongols from a wooden barrel in bunches to launch rockets, as painted wooden barrel on the lead, so were the Poles called the "Chinese fire-breathing dragon." European battlefield, gunpowder often caused by type of weapon on the wall has not completely destroyed, the defenders will lose the battle will begin abandon the city to flee. It is the use of these advanced weapons, the Mongols in the attack gold, the summer attack, attack and subsequent attack Hualazimo Song, Dali attack, attack to Korea in the vertical and horizontal Europe and Asia, irresistible force, no one can block. Brass cannon of Genghis Khan during the successful development of the world's first heat is very lethal weapons, other than the Europeans invented guns Erduo Er even a hundred years earlier.

 

Magic 6: The world's first general staff of military operations. Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, Xu Liewu and Kublai Khan, etc. are all longer than three generations of the military commander of strategic planning, skilled tactics, good use of troops to be an outstanding strategist. Such as Genghis Khan is not just a "knowledge only shooting eagles, bow," to levy war, warriors used to, and seek Cypriot side in the battle of wits, chest have good ideas, high-enemy of a chip, attached great importance to the strategy of defeating the enemy. Therefore, he adopted a strategic action before, always long to conduct research, collect detailed information on this basis to develop a good program, make full preparations. Before the crusade Naiman Department of Genghis Khan of his military officials appointed by the 1000, 100 of the officials and the Army established 1000; appointed De Lun, pulling six children and other flowers will be bad (Guan Ming, the Attendants ), which is the world's first General Staff. Ministry of War and Naiman 1204, the Mongolian army into the field to Sa Ali, discuss: Why Office, that is, offer advice and Genghis Khan bad flower, used by Fire, "where the lives of others with the fire five to Fire shock. " This meter really work, cheated Jiao Yang Department of rude of Naiman Khan, he drew a "cloud of its fire more than the stars, Mongolia lot about" conclusion. Famous Japanese strategist Iimura Rang said: "The general staff general staff of Napoleon even earlier than six hundred years."

 

Magic 7: make the best of the military expansion system. Campaign, the Genghis Khan with a summon somebody to surrender such means at any time, formation of the Khitan, Jurchen, Uygur, Han and other ethnic armies, and bold use. Later, the number of these forces gradually over between America. Golden State in the crusade wars, he has incorporated the Khitan, Han, Jurchen large number of soldiers and other nationalities. The rebel army Qidan Liaodong gold down Meng, Jin had to send tens of thousands of troops, to suppress. Assistance in time of Genghis Khan sent troops to defeat the Golden Army, occupied gold tokyo Liaoyang, Khitan ethnic forces played a significant role. Kublai Khan, the prime minister when the prayer books of Shi Tianze the right is the Genghis Khan The levy war, with his father, uncle, brother surrendered militants who led the Han. He led the Han Chinese armed, made major contributions toward the prosperity of Mongolia. In the punitive expedition Hualazaimo, the Genghis Khan of each occupying a city, or region, the forced recruitment of young people in the composition of forces, that the "sign army", sending the Mongolian general supervision. Suddenly felt the attack within the Fort, the Mongols only 2 million, signed for the 50,000 troops. Thus, Genghis Khan's troops, like the snowball snowball. The debris removal as a sign the major military, filling trenches, digging trenches, strikes, and other tasks on the expedition has played a tremendous role in the victory.

 

Magic 8: clever use of contradictions to the enemy's enemy. The 13th century, the internal situation in Asian and European expansion for Mongolia to provide a very favorable international environment. The feudal state, while farming has developed economy, advanced culture and considerable military strength, but in politics, the reign of these countries or stupid, good minister in power; or partisanship, endless strife; or national power has declined, split the collapse of the Almost no country strong enough to prevent the edge expansion of the Mongol Empire, Mongol Empire was the aggressive expansion momentum in the short term will become a prairie fire, stretching over several decades. Mongolia Khan also active use of internal tribal conflict between the rulers weaken the enemy, to strengthen ourselves. Golden State in the crusade wars, the use of the Khitan tribe, the Han and the ethnic tensions between the Jurchen, Khitan for a large number of Han armed rebel Mongolian gold down. Liao attack, the use of Genghis Khan and the Muslim rulers of China Liao Kuchlug sharply divided between Khan, 2 million troops, declared freedom of religion, support the struggle of Muslims, so Muslims oppose Kuchlug Khan uprising broke out, residents of the Mongolian armed forces have the support of the rapid occupation of Liao. Use of the Western Xia and Jin Genghis Khan used the conflict and ultimately destroyed the Western Xia. Genghis Khan also made use of the Song, Jin feud, United Song anti-gold. Ogadai Khan, Genghis Khan will follow, via the Song, Tang and Tang soldiers under the Joint Song, eliminate Golden State. Then, the Mongolian army has destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. Genghis Khan to the enemy's enemy through the use of a "strategy" of divide and attack not only well positioned in the fighting, but overall the disadvantages of the strategy to gradually convert the advantage, to ensure the final victory.

 

Mongolian military conquests in Asia and Europe invincible, "the eight magic" has played an immeasurable power. Not only create the world's fighting was the most powerful corps, and to help the Mongols established the unprecedented map of the world's largest empire.
 

Fierce Dragon Assembly domestic "Taishan" engine for the first time the successful roll
Core Tip: March 18, 2010, AVIC developed its own project, "Taishan" Fierce Dragon Engine Equipped with the first roll success! The successful maiden flight just around the corner! "Tarzan" engine development, is the Air Group, the first project of its own medium-thrust turbofan engine development project.

 

Xiaolong has achieved good export performance, and now Pakistan has set up Xiaolong fighter squadron.

 

Xiaolong major equipment is now Russian RD-93 turbofan aircraft engines.

 

Network spread Taishan engine number is WS-13, and a few years ago has started to develop. Purpose is to assemble Xiaolong fighters.

Air-line on April 29 reported March 18, 2010, the project developed its own aviation industry, "Taishan" Fierce Dragon Engine Equipped with the first roll success! The successful maiden flight just around the corner! Cheers from the site flows. A young man in your eyes, mouth essays a poem to express his irrepressible emotion: "'Mount' fear climbing difficult, 'four of' Development of a decade. Equipped Xiaolong flight date, flight made across the board be more delighted. "He is in charge of this project, the aircraft engine industry research and three deputy ministers Lu Jibin.

1, for the successful exploration of the management innovation model

In 1999, Lu Jibin received master's degree in aviation engine, the engine design to the Shenyang Institute to work. Five years working in Shenyang, he has undertaken a number of independent experimental work and project management design and laid the basis of aircraft engine development technology and accumulated management experience. Due to exceptional performance, in February 2004 was selected to AVIC aircraft engine division issued two attachment, beginning in early 2008 over the work of the China Aviation Development 2. Aviation Industry Group, the two combined, either in the aircraft engine industry research and three deputy ministers in charge of the aircraft two power systems, small and medium-thrust turbojet and turbofan engine thrust of development work.

"Qinling" Flying Leopard engine is fitted with an engine, is the first based entirely on the military standard required to complete production models of large turbofan engines. In Lu Jibin charge of this project began in 2004, coincided with "Qinling" the transition from small batch to mass production. He completed a great deal of technology, quality, coordinate the handling of the issue, and gradually straighten out the relationship between the various ancillary units based on the organization to complete the "Qinling" engine technology and production of stereotypes stereotypes. He carefully analyzed by the independent completion of the "2004" Qinling "Technical quality engine assembly" in preparation. He did this to promote the "Qinling Mountains," a large number of production quality and stability. His management ideas and practices, as the "Qinling" from development and eventually become equipment, have made outstanding contributions to the market.

"Tarzan" engine development, is the first group project on their own middle-thrust turbofan engine development project. The project also did not state investment, no existing organizational systems and management. He developed for its own characteristics, with one hand on-site management on the one hand establish a new system; he and his colleagues explored together to "Tarzan" for the development of a management platform, set up the initial model developed by the aviation industry management. Some praise, said: "Lu Jibin is able to predict risk, and resolve risk people." Overall management of the rich sense of his thinking and a wealth of project management knowledge, and create a "Tarzan," a new situation developed.

Second, do in advance

Lu Jibin at work, striving to practice "doing" and "life" unification. To a managerial position, he often said, "As a manager should first do two things: take good people, good deeds; do good with the premise that good people with good people on the assumption that their good example."

In the second half of 2004, to promote the "Qinling" engine of production and delivery, he toured the scene for four months in the Western route. He and assembly workers with overtime work, coordinate and solve production problems; he was suffering from gallstones, starting from 2009 increasingly serious, and sometimes pain, doctors have advised him hospitalized. This year, he was head of the engine model developed is a critical period, he was still on business and, after rushing out in all participating research units. His father had been bedridden sick, take care of all the pressure of his father who in the love. Love to joke sometimes complain about the tone of him: "You are busy, even my children you are in overtime, are not afraid of kids grow up hate you."

Lu Jibin encouraged his motto has a "career achievement in overcoming challenges, self-achievement!", He himself and realize self-value, fully integrated into the mother's air force career, for he is an energetic and promising aviation industry outstanding young!

Core Tip: Canada's "Han and Defense Review," published the article of the new purchase of six Vietnamese, said, "Kilo" class submarine's move to 636 with the asymmetric warfare capability and underwater submarine force if the "gem" missiles, joint operations, the integration of China's naval firepower than offset the large number of surface ships and submarines on the edge.

 

The article said the Vietnamese Navy 6 Navy Kilo class submarines, will form China's asymmetric advantage.

 

Vietnamese Navy had generally small tonnage of ships and equipment, picture shows the Vietnamese Navy to buy a small Russian-made missile destroyers new 12418.

Xinhua reported on April 29 in Canada, "Chinese Defense Review," May number (before publication) published a report entitled "China, Vietnam to strengthen the Navy raised concerns," the article (the original author Y · Buyisite Grove, Ping Kefu rewriting).

The article said the navy, according to Moscow a number of industry sources confirmed: Vietnam and Russia signed in December 2009 to buy 6 "Kilo" class 636 submarine's basic agreement, the agreement will ensure that the contract be completed in 2016, the agreement will begin in 2011.

Vietnamese Navy to engage in "Great Leap Forward"

Vietnam to buy 6 "Kilo" class submarine 636 moves, in terms of a great leap forward for the Navy in Vietnam, the Vietnamese navy had been equipped with more than 500 tons of submarines. 6 "Kilo" class submarine to enter Vietnam after the 636, will be the Chinese navy's throats stabbed!

As we all know, the South China Sea Fleet of Chinese navy has deployed at least four. 'Kilo "class submarine 636. In other words, the more the Navy to enter the" Kilo "636 pairs of" Kilo "636 times! But can be sure that, according to past experience of the Russian arms sales to China and Vietnam, China" Kilo "non-Vietnamese Navy's" Kilo "! in modern equipment and technology in the face of large-scale systems with the same name. But the difference between one or two software may be the formation of weapons systems on behalf of the poor, to promote the same type of weapons between the technological advantages enjoyed by local who has an absolute advantage! on the "Kilo" class 636 submarines is essential to a range of submarine-launched anti-submarine missile 50 km 91RE1 not sold to China.

Vietnam, Russia to meet a range of 290 kilometers sold a "gem" (Yakhont) shore-based anti-ship cruise missiles, such weapons are only exported to Vietnam and India. At present, India, Russia, Vietnam, the Air Force is also to multi-purpose fighter Su-30MKV promote space-based "stones" multi-purpose missile can attack both surface ships, but also can attack land targets. Chinese Air Force's Su 1 30MKK fighter has not been the weapon. Similarly, multi-purpose fighter aircraft, weapon system determines the difference in the performance of basic operations and Inferior.

Undermine the advantages of Chinese ships

China's South Sea Fleet deployed four "Kilo" class 636 submarines, at least a 094 strategic missile submarine, 1-2 091 nuclear attack submarines improved the purpose is clear, that is to use the northern Gulf when the Chinese Navy It seems fairly safe seas, the implementation of 094 strategic missile nuclear submarine patrol deep submergence! It now appears that Vietnamese Navy 6 "Kilo" 636 broke the dream of the Chinese navy.

Submarines have a very strong deterrent underwater combat value, even if a psychological deterrent, but also to promote the safety of the northern Gulf is no longer the "China Inland Sea", 094 strategic nuclear submarine underwater face, a great threat to the water. Also with the Vietnamese Navy coastal defense units were "Jewels" cruise missile, the entire North Vietnamese troops already in the Gulf of effective firepower range. "Kilo" class 636 submarines with "gem" missile joint operations, the integration of China's naval firepower than offset the large number of surface ships and submarines on the edge.

There is no doubt that as China's Hainan Island is the Navy's first aircraft carrier fleet and design, and therefore of the major surface ships were first deployed to the South China Sea Fleet of Yalong Bay. Considered here away from the beautiful eyes surface ships and underwater nuclear submarines, conventional submarines in deterrence, there is also relatively safe. But the Vietnamese Navy's six "Kilo" class submarine by the shape 636. Into the underwater force, sufficient to block Yalong Bay! Together with the Air Force received a new batch of Su-30MKv fighters. Carrier to avoid such a huge monster even within the harbor, once the war in Vietnam naval air can also be implemented to combat long-range missiles. Once the aircraft carrier left the harbor, the submarine will be in Vietnam under close surveillance.

In fact, the Vietnamese Navy wants the intention of the submarine has been a long time, but back in the 90's on the active preparation, it is He Yuejun an import 6 "Kilo" class submarines of the main reasons. The more basic knowledge of the Navy on submarines, is no stranger to the use, in addition to sending a large number of navy personnel had to go to Russia, the Korean study submarine technology, the Vietnamese had in 1997, Korea imported two from the former Yugoslavia designed "Cinnamon" class small submarine.

However, the best anti-submarine force is the submarine project itself, 6 "Kilo" class submarine 636 formed on the South China Sea Fleet submarine, "the superior of the superior" advantages, which include underwater power "Kilo" class 636 submarines, 039A submarine, the future "Yuan" class submarines and Type 091 attack submarines. War, the Chinese Navy's submarine force can no longer fearless, the Southeast Asian countries are currently moving in the direction of building the underwater submarine force development, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore will soon or already equipped with advanced submarines. Malaysia, Vietnam is just one step ahead.

The building of underwater power

War. Vietnamese troops of the 6 "Kilo" class submarine '636 Even a major overhaul, a training and actual deployment of the situation four terms on the Chinese navy has also formed two pairs of submarine warfare, two pairs of surface ship attack posture! Why can not the U.S. against Iran in the Persian Gulf long hands, one big concern is that Iran, unlike Iraq, Navy, Navy, because Iran has a 3 "Kilo" class submarine underwater formation of a considerable degree of deterrence. Especially for U.S. carriers.

Vietnam Navy clever is asymmetric advantage, winning the need for deterrence of the Chinese navy. If the implementation of large surface ships race, according to the economic situation of the Vietnamese troops, no doubt unable to compete with the Chinese, Vietnamese troops so far ordered only two 2000-ton missile frigate. Therefore, the first building of the Vietnamese Navy concentrate our financial and underwater deterrent, with the small but efficient high-performance fighter air.

It is not clear, the Vietnamese troops in the "Kilo" class submarine 636 is technically in the end how much different from the South China Sea Fleet of the same submarine? If the two meet, a simple corollary is that, assuming that the Vietnamese troops, "Kilo" class submarines equipped with 636-type anti-submarine missile 91RE1, then Vietnamese troops would have pre-emptive advantage. In addition, sonar processor is subject to further improvement? Periscope is the same standard? Vietnamese troops of the "Kilo" class 636 submarine construction time than similar Chinese Navy submarine 5 years later, technically more advanced system is also used for granted.

6 "Kilo" class submarine to enter Vietnam, also means that Russia, India to further strengthen military influence. New Delhi, Hanoi and the close relationships among military cooperation, the Indian Navy on the use of "Kilo" class submarine 636 effective experience, entirely possible in personnel training, operational exercises and to help the Vietnamese, both military cooperation agreement already exists.
 

China Can Battleship "grievances" will affect China-ROK relations
Core Tip: 30, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak's visit to China, ROK media there to ask the Chinese "justice" to help South Korea's bombing of the "Tian" the voice of USS redress of grievances. Although the Seoul authorities have yet to ship a case of bombing a final conclusion, South Korean media have already decided that this was caused by North Korean torpedo attack. South Korea hopes China on their side.

 

Recently, some users think the U.S. submarine sank a-day security number, while others used the Korean netizens even think that Chinese-made type of fish or fish -6 -3 type of heavy torpedoes sank Cheonan number. These users generally agreed that South Korea, Cheonan number is very likely to be sunk.

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 29 reported that South Korean President Lee Myung-bak on the 30th visit to China, ROK media, suddenly requested the Chinese "justice" to help South Korea's bombing of the "Tian" warship redress of grievances of a large number of voices. Although the Seoul authorities have yet to ship a case of bombing a final conclusion, South Korean media have already decided that this was caused by North Korean torpedo attack. South Korea hopes China on their side. The country, "Chosun Ilbo" and even in a threatening manner, said, "citizens of the Republic of Korea 50 million 30 Hanzhong Feng will wait and see", the results may affect "the next 100 years, South Korea-China relations."

"Tian An" incident has stirred the South Korean ship, absorbing anxiety, sadness, frustration, and anger. Dazed and angry in this context, Lee on the 30th visit to China by the news some bright spots. "Seoul Press" 28, said that China holds the crucial key to solving this incident, because China is the only direct influence on the DPRK country.

For China's performance in this incident, South Korean media have shown scorn. South Korea's "cultural newspaper," 27 editorial said that the ROK, in the "Tian" ship incident, China did not play a "strategic partner" due role. The editorial said that the South Korean warship sank in the attack on their territorial waters, China can not stand, this is not the international community should be a responsible member of the gesture. As a UN Security Council permanent members and the world's largest economies, China has the responsibility to maintain world peace. China is the biggest influence on the DPRK country, China has the responsibility to stop the North Korean provocations.
 

China's new strategic nuclear submarine deal with two U.S. anti-missile system
Core Note: According to the Russian "The Independent" reported on April 28, the famous Russian journalist Vladimir Skosyrev author pointed out that the global deployment of ABM systems in the United States, under pressure from China is consolidating its nuclear shield. U.S. satellite has detected that China is building two sets of launchers with 12 submarines.

 

Data Figure: China's naval strategy of the new Type 094 nuclear submarine.

 

    Data Map: Google Earth satellite shot to the Chinese Navy submarine base

LONDON 29 April, according to Russian reports, "The Independent" reported on April 28, the famous Russian journalist Vladimir Skosyrev author pointed out that the global deployment of ABM systems in the United States, under pressure from China is consolidating its own nuclear shield. U.S. satellite has detected that China is building two sets of launchers with 12 submarines.

Skosyrev in the article pointed out that China is building nuclear submarines, refused to cut their nuclear arsenals. Beijing announced, compared with Russia and the United States, China's nuclear arsenal is not large, but only for defense. But in early May this year, New York, nuclear non-proliferation Conference, Western analysts began to criticize China to upgrade its nuclear forces secretly do not want to join Russia and the United States initiated the process of reducing nuclear arsenals. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, speculated that China will be among the major nuclear powers and non-nuclear countries, hold the middle ground.

Western analysts believe that Russia and the United States President signed the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms treaty to make a new issue on the agenda, that is why China still pay close attention to upgrading its nuclear forces. If the largest nuclear arsenals of major powers in the reduction of nuclear weapons, why China and other nuclear club members do not want to take the same path? At the upcoming meeting on nuclear non-proliferation, China may not only refused to stop developing its nuclear weapons related to the appeal, but will support the requirements of non-nuclear countries, led Russia and the United States to further reduce their nuclear warheads.

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Gill has pointed out in his report, or a medium-term prospects in the near future, China will most likely not to join the unilateral or multilateral nuclear disarmament measures. In his view, Beijing will continue to update their nuclear arsenals, while retaining their membership in the nuclear club, while supporting the aspirations of developing countries.

Russia and the United States to reduce strategic offensive weapons, the new treaty, the two sides should expand their number of nuclear warheads to 1,550 the following restrictions. According to data from the International Peace Research Institute, China has expanded the number of strategic nuclear warheads to 186. China announced will never use nuclear weapons first, but due to the positive development of U.S. anti-missile technology, Beijing worried that its "retaliation" will no longer be valid.

According to information obtained by Reuters, in response, Beijing plans to replace the liquid with a solid fuel missile missile fuel, construction of new nuclear submarines equipped with ballistic missiles. Occasionally, nuclear club members and other appropriate disclosure of their nuclear arsenals, the latest information on the practice, China's ballistic missile nuclear submarine project a high degree of confidentiality, the "new nuclear submarine" are all the reports from Western intelligence sources. Pentagon officials said Beijing might move to the international community's assessment of its strategic plan to create an atmosphere of unpredictability.

At the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute released its own report before the Chinese responded in advance. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman told the media that China has always adhere to the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons, the Chinese in favor of complete prohibition and destruction of nuclear weapons will never evade the responsibility for nuclear disarmament. Gu Guoliang of China Academy of Social Sciences arms control experts said the report distorted Bates Gill, China's policy of strategic containment of China would like to have the means to prevent a nuclear superpower to use their strengths to interfere China's internal affairs. Clearly, nuclear non-proliferation in New York prior to the meeting, the Western and Chinese experts on disarmament between the wars have been raging saliva.

Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Director of Disarmament and Conflict Mediation Alexander Pikayefu pointed out that China's nuclear power status on the data are based on based on speculation. He said: "If China is not more than 200 nuclear warheads, then its strength is not even as Israel. 500 nuclear bombs, but the number may be more realistic. In any case, now China is building nuclear maritime component of the Trinity. The United States satellites have found two sets of launchers with 12 submarines under construction, does not rule out the assembly of its first ballistic missile carrying sub-possibilities, which would mean that China's strength suddenly increased by hundreds of nuclear warheads. worried about the future. "

Core Tip: Chinese Ambassador Cheng Yonghua 27, has criticized Japan for ships and patrol aircraft followed the practice of the Chinese warships undermine mutual trust, Katsuya Okada, 28, Japanese Foreign Minister to respond, he stressed: "keeping a distance to observe the situation does not violate the law, nothing wrong. ".

 

China's naval fleet in the rear trailing surveillance Japan DD-132 "towards Snow" destroyer.

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 29 reported Kyodo News on April 28, Chinese Ambassador Cheng Yonghua 27, criticized the SDF ships and patrol aircraft followed the practice of Chinese warships undermine mutual trust, Japanese Foreign Minister Kang Tian Ke 28 to respond. Japanese House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee in his Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force on the frigate sailing in coastal waters of Japan to monitor China's actions regarding the ship stressed: "keeping a distance to observe the situation does not violate the law, nothing wrong.".

Shipborne helicopters for the Chinese navy ships approaching the behavior of the SDF, Okada stressed that both countries need to agree on how to prevent similar incidents from happening again. He said: "In order to set a reasonable distance, to avoid the accident to reach a consensus on such issues, communication between the two countries is very important."

China previously through diplomatic channels that the Chinese Navy ship-based helicopters, warships close to the behavior of the SDF is a warning and surveillance activities, the Japanese side to take the necessary defensive measures.

Related News

Ambassador criticized the Japanese ship near the track in Shanghai China Fleet

Chinese Ambassador to Japan Cheng Yonghua on the 27th at a press conference, resentment against Japan before the Japanese approximation of the Chinese Navy frigate helicopter to conduct a response, said in answer to a question, first place a problem in China shortly after the fleet left the Shanghai area, location far From Japan, Miyako Island, and closer to China, Japan, followed by warships and aircraft fleet in China, contrary to the spirit of mutual understanding and trust. [More]

Navy ships starting from April 7 at training in the East China Sea, 10 from Miyako Island, Okinawa and across the strait between the first island chain, on the 11th night in the southern Okinawa waters replenishment. The picture to see the Japanese reports, participated in the operation of a Navy destroyer 115,137,139, three 053 frigates, an offshore supply vessel, two Kilo-class submarines, as well as an uncertain purpose, it seems is the submarine rescue launches.

4 月 22 日 (周四) 12:30, 11 Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force escort (base Yokohama HE) their "Snow" and the fifth destroyer escort (base Yokohama He) owned "Ray," the destroyer island of Okinawa, at a distance of about 130 kilometers southwest of the sea track from the road to the northwest Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea, including modern class 2 class missile destroyers, two frigates, a Jiang Wei Jiang Wei 1 frigate 1, Kilo-class submarines 2, Fuqing class supply ship one, submarine rescue boats, and fleet ocean tug together, including 10 Chinese ships, destroyers and 115 less a Jiang Wei-class frigates, more ocean-going tug.

 

 

First of all, to say the Japanese fleet through the Straits of action is not normal to shout, because Navy ships through the Strait has been the norm Miyako, Japan in the past and not so stimulated. Television coverage in Japan on the screen indicate the previous month (ie 3 months) on the 17th with six ships the same across the Miyako Strait, there is no report on this matter, only as background information in this report has been submitted. Therefore, the Navy must have this action is nothing unusual in the local stimulus to the Japanese, they just so excited.

 

This chart above is the Japanese television reports on the Navy's action, the description is Fleet course of action, the red is the origin place of the exercises in the East China Sea. This map is the East China Sea seabed below topographic maps and overlay the results of the above diagram can show the exercise areas and courses of action in what position the East China Sea shelf.

I put this map and Google Maps were together, determine the exercise center area about 350 kilometers east of Ningbo, about 160 km from the East China Sea Trough. Fleet exercises can not stop in one place, but keep within the designated patrol, assume that the range is 100 * 100 nautical miles, then slot the East China Sea Fleet and the distance between the estimated changes in the 50-250 km, generally will not beyond this range.

What does this mean that mean? I think this shows only fleet submarine exercises cover Shihai shoulder the task of penetration by maritime patrol aircraft and helicopters against guided anti-ship missiles over the horizon, forcing the other surface ships can not launch a large-scale anti-submarine activities, thus reducing the I military submarine penetration difficult, increase its penetration rate of success.

The evidence so that there are 2. One is acting in zoning, just at the edge of the East China Sea trough, anti-ship missiles can cover the region west of the East China Sea trough. Seabed topography and hydrological conditions have submarine warfare, to let everyone know, we take the opportunity to say what the East China Sea and the submarine topography of some knowledge.

Part of the East China Sea continental shelf area of broad, usually less than 100 meters deep. Water depth of 50 meters below the submarine would be difficult for the activities of 100 m depth of just barely enough can be said that a huge area of shallow continental shelf, the submarine activities in the region caused a lot of constraints. And the East China Sea, the thermocline depth is usually 40-60 meters, 10 meters thick over most of the regional depth of 50-100 meters in shallow water, however, the submarine is only when sailing close to the seabed can hide in the thermocline the following. Although seemingly one hundred meters deep has been able to meet the requirements of submerged submarines hidden, but the East China Sea, Yellow Sea continental shelf seabed is relatively flat topography, its hidden reefs and underwater remains high throughout the sea areas close to submarine navigation is not suitable for a long time of rough seas and needs.

In practical activities, the activities on the continental shelf along the submarine are several trough navigation, mainly for the following considerations: 1, selected trough a greater depth, the submarine has enough space to keep hidden in the thermocline the following navigation, even if the release of towing sonar submarine can avoid scratching, which can both increase the detection ability to keep hidden; 2, Trough and surrounding hills can reduce the noise signal in the horizontal direction the submarine communication, to avoid the flat continental shelf seabed region of the noise in the multiple reflections between the seabed and the sea, for long-distance communication situation, which is conducive to covert submarine voyage; 3, current flows through the undersea mountains, hills and reefs would result in abnormal water flow, leading to thermocline and halocline depth of change, resulting in large-scale turbulence, water flow increased noise and so on, have a negative impact on the sonar, the submarine can get additional protection; 4, trough because of the terrain undulation is greater and more landmark for submarines underwater measurement of reference, so do not surface in the case of precise positioning, inertial navigation system error correction.

After crossing the East China Sea continental shelf is a different situation. East China Sea continental slope is located southeast of the outer continental shelf, water depth of 150 to 1,000 meters. Where the steepest slope, within a short distance straight down the Okinawa Trough. Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu Island Arc is located in the mainland side is a NEE - north-northeast toward the curved boat-like trough, north to South Deep. Trough two steep slopes, was U-shaped profile along the slope of a submarine canyon development, accumulation of a submarine canyon exit fan; bottom flat, submarine volcanic eruptions with the formation of seamounts. Okinawa Trough is the main Kuroshio Current, which in Taiwan and the Bashi Channel south-east sea area east of origin, along the north east coast of Taiwan, Su-ao and with that country through the water channel between the island into the East China Sea, the East China Sea outer continental shelf and continental flows between Singapore. Amami islands in the Northwest branch of the Tsushima Warm Current after separation of turning east, north through the Tokara Strait out of the East China Sea. Kuroshio east of Taiwan increase of about 125-170 km to the north flow rate is gradually narrowing, a distance of 60-100 km offshore.

 

P-3C anti-submarine aircraft.

Starting from the East China Sea continental slope as water depth increases rapidly, the protective effect of trough gradually weaken, the submarine can thus move freely from the trough, anti-submarine forces is difficult to predict its path to intercept. And the Okinawa Trough is in the eastern part of Taiwan - Strong earthquake belt Ryukyu Islands (Pacific seismic belt system as part of activities of frequent high magnitude), weak earthquakes occur frequently, resulting from the earthquakes, undersea volcanic eruptions, micro-earthquakes, large-scale turbulence generated by distant storms and extremely low frequency background noise, a larger ocean, caused by the earthquake of 10 Hz frequency range up to 100 decibels of background noise on the measurement of low activities of the submarine main band of 10 Hz noise, the noise is very negative. Is exposed east of the Okinawa Trough off the Ryukyu Islands and the island of Kyushu Island in the underwater shelf, island shelf width of the island of Kyushu Office, 30-50 miles, 2-20 nautical miles near the Ryukyu Islands; complex terrain of the region, depth changes, sand, rock beaches, undersea mountains many wide channel between the islands is not conducive to anti-submarine forces blockade. Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force for early detection, tracking the submarine activity is not conducive to anti-submarine forces had crossed the intercept of the Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu Island shelf region, sending the submarine Sea and East China Sea continental shelf in the East China Sea west of the implementation of slot patrol missions; the same time in Japan P-3C anti-submarine aircraft has continued to patrol in the East China Sea trough, suppressed submarine floating charge; surface ships deployed as a temporary maneuver forces to block the straits.

Therefore, the East China Sea would be submarine slot penetration difficult areas subject to Japanese air, surface, underwater anti-submarine forces in joint encirclement, penetration is very difficult. So how can decrease the difficulty of our military submarine penetration, increased penetration success rate? Very simple, that is to put our army under the control of the sea, the expulsion of the Japanese anti-submarine force, clear channel for the submarine. For example, the exercise, our military fleet in the East China Sea west of 50-200 km away from the slot drills, maritime warning aircraft and helicopters through the guide, you can always use anti-ship missile combat patrol in the waters of the Japanese surface ships, destruction of its anti-submarine operations. Fleet air surveillance radar can search the airspace, as early warning aircraft, marine warning aircraft, fighter aircraft to provide flight guidance, with long-range ship-air missiles to protect one's own aircraft, improve the air force and navy air force the ability to control the airspace.

Another is the news in chronological order, which is the focus of suspicion. Surface ship formation on April 7 began to exercise, on the 10th through the island chain, before and after the interval of 3 days. According to the news of the line and experience points, Fleet travel about 240 nautical miles, even if a lower speed to take care of the supply ship and submarine rescue launches, you can open to 18 (1.875 kilometers per hour) speed, cruise speed can reach 12 -14 section, the 240 sea miles voyage on the surface ships for only 14-20 hours. On conventional submarines underwater stealth, its rough seas and the speed is only 3-5 sections, and the need to move forward along the trench, so they need more time. The Kilo-class submarines participated in the exercise of underwater flight is about 4 / 400 miles, because you can take part in the Miyako Strait, surface ships floating charge, do not worry too much about the battery charge capacity, so you can use up 70% of the electricity, not necessary to float the remaining 50% of the electricity, which can run more than 270 sea miles, this just from the exercise area close to the Strait of underwater Miyako actual distance traveled. To four terms, ran close to 270 sea miles needs 70 hours, exactly 3 days, also consistent with surface ships on the 7th exercise, 10, arrived in the time interval.

I estimate that the operation was the Navy's surface ships engaged in the cover of the submarine penetration joint training, the composition is a surface ship air defense army is now a typical configuration mode, the submarine is the main force of the East China Sea Fleet, could be that the whole exercise is to combat future of the exercise.

Surface ships, the destroyer, 115 100 km distance for remote air defense, suppression of the other person to the low-altitude attack aircraft, force them to close to 30-40 km can be pulled up search; two modern destroyers for medium-range air defense, through the deployment of the front of the frigate in the fleet returned to prepare the information good missile, the other attack aircraft pulled onto the scene of a hit, while in the 12-30 km range anti-ship missiles intercepting each other; three frigates in the two former the deployment of low altitude targets to increase fleet to the discovery of the distance to prepare ahead of time to intercept the other one close protection 115 destroyers, also can be used as human shields. Such a fleet is sufficient to counter anti-4 strike aircraft sorties to take into account factors of electronic warfare, 20 anti-ship missiles may not be able to hurt it.

Submarine rescue boats when needed for the implementation of the submarine rescue, indicating that the exercise of the accident is expected to prepare a certain extent, it means that exercise at higher risk. I guess, this risk may come from two Kilo-class submarines each other with the penetration, they can not communicate underwater, only by understanding and action plans, so the time-intensive formation may be too close and even with hit, this time the submarine rescue boats need help quickly.

Comprehensive judgments, the operation has the following purposes: 1, drill two submarines each with penetration and improve the face of the other block when the counter-submarine capability; 2, explore new submarine penetration routes; 3, drill water ships and submarines with penetration; 4, Miyako Strait forced to collect hydrological data; 5, open through the submarine to enhance deterrence to Japan.
 

Core Tip: U.S. Global Strategic Network 28 reported in Indonesia and Thailand, have chosen to purchase Chinese C802 anti-ship missile in the context of their respective armed forces, Qatar is in the choice of anti-ship missiles abandoned the C802, the choice of France " flying fish "anti-ship missiles. The purchase of the French MMBlock3 missiles equipped with turbo-jet engine, a range of twice the original.

 

China-made C-802A anti-ship missile

 

France latest MM-40Block3 new "flying fish" anti-ship missile

LONDON April 29 reported that 28 U.S. Global Strategic Network reported that in Indonesia, Thailand, and have chosen to purchase Chinese C802 anti-ship missile equipped their military background, Qatar is in the choice of anti-ship missiles abandoned the C802, the choice France's "flying fish" anti-ship missiles.

Report said Qatar is currently buying a new jet-propelled "flying fish" anti-ship missile to replace the old rocket-propelled missiles. These new missiles will be installed on some of Qatar's fast attack boats. Qatar currently seven fast attack boats, these boats equipped with 76 mm cannon and 30 mm machine gun. It is noteworthy that, since the new "flying fish" MMBlock3 missile equipped with turbo-jet engine, so the missile a range of twice the original - 180 kilometers.

Reported that a new jet-propelled "flying fish" in a certain degree missile launch is in response to competition from China. For example, Indonesia recently has chosen to purchase cheaper and longer range anti-ship missiles, the Chinese C802A, and gave up a rocket-propelled the "flying fish" missile. China C802A missile length 6.8 m, diameter 360 mm, weight 682 kg, can carry 165 kg of warhead weight. C802 has a maximum range of 120 kilometers, and flight speeds up to 250 meters per second.

Compared with the C802, the French "Exocet" missile size and performance of the same, but the cost is twice the former (the price of each missile 100 million or more, but we all know, manufacturers the flexibility to price.) Comparison, Indonesia believes that China's C802 missile is a better choice, especially in Indonesia are not going to war at any time under the circumstances. Therefore, Indonesia is no need to spend more money to buy more expensive, more combat effective, "Exocet" missile.

In addition, Thailand has recently refurbished its 90 years of the 20th century from China to buy the 053H-class frigates, they choose to purchase Chinese C802 anti-ship missile to replace the old and heavy "the upstream -1" No. (SY-1) anti-ship missiles.

Reported that the French "Exocet" missile has served more than 30 years, has been proven in combat, and its reliability is well known. Although China's C802 looks and the "flying fish" similar, but the relatively poor performance, according to the letter. However, never hope for a large-scale war naval forces involved, the purchase price will be lower-C802 anti-ship missiles suffice.
 

Core Tip: Australian Strategic Policy Institute report released on the 28th site to build blue-water navy combat power is not a Chinese naval building priorities, such as China, more and more advanced equipment, warships, but it does not build for the implementation of the offshore supply mission ships. Most of China's submarines are diesel-electric submarines instead of nuclear submarines. More concerned about the Chinese navy or near their territorial waters.

 

Data Figure: China's Navy 886 "Thousand Island Lake" was supply ship, in recent years with China's new fleet of action suitable for offshore supply ships only 886 and 887 2, 888 were similar supplies for the island.

 

Data Figure: 039 Song-class Chinese Navy submarine fleet, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, believes that China is a large purpose built conventional submarines for coastal defense.

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 29 reported that the Australian Strategic Policy Institute Web site on the 28th issued a Senior Fellow of the study, Dr. Rahman said that the Chinese navy's modernization over the past decade caused many comments, many analysts believe that China aims to build a task to perform ocean blue water navy, these views may be exaggerated. Report, create a blue-water naval combat power is not the focus of the Chinese Navy's construction, such as China, more and more advanced equipment, warships, but it does not create a mandate for the implementation of offshore supply vessels. Most of China's submarines are diesel-electric submarines instead of nuclear submarines. More concerned about the Chinese navy or near their territorial waters.

Blue-water navy is not the focus of development of the PLA Navy

The report said China's fast growing economy heavily dependent on export-oriented trade. Its dependence on sea lines of communication have led to the Chinese commentators on the "Straits of Malacca dilemma" express their views on the impact of the national security interests, despite the blockade of its sea lanes through the Malacca Strait, the threat seems a bit exaggerated. Any hostile forces blocked a move, can only be directed against China in response to other parts of the offensive - such as Taiwan, Japan or India - so China's own behavior can be responsible for such situations is the best defense.

China is also concerned about piracy, maritime terrorism threat or even small things such as threats to shipping. Currently, China is already engaging the international community to improve marine security environment operations. Such initiatives can be seen as China's active participation in international activities to enhance access to its great power status of China juxtaposition with the diplomatic prestige and respect the demands.

Reported that China's further 加强 activities at sea yes Ke Yi is expected to Di, because no States are willing to in its Anquanwenti an important part of Zhangqiweituo to another State (Japan is exceptional is now at least). China's future aircraft carriers to meet most of its needs: the aircraft carrier not only enhance deterrence, enhance the security of sea lines of communication, or a symbol of strength, is the gun as a tool of diplomacy. And, it is the interests of China to maintain its maritime territory - especially in the South China Sea - a powerful tool.

As the People's Liberation Army Navy ships deployed to the Indian Ocean, increasing the number of exercises in the Pacific, China seems intent was more frequent than the East Asian coastal environment in - that is, from north to south, adjacent to the continent of Asia series narrow waters, surrounded by numerous islands into, was "semi-closed" status - under the activities. However, the report noted that while China's high-profile marine activities are increasingly frequent, but more of these activities is hardly new, rather than strategic significance.

While this situation may change the future, but the PLA Navy's current force structure in-depth analysis, the report does not focus on the development of modernization of the PLA navy blue-water navy. For example, although China has been committed to building larger, stronger, farther of surface warships, but no large-scale construction supply ship - even though the sea of any country deployed naval operations, this logistical support capacity are essential.

Another explanation is not the People's Liberation Army Navy blue water navy modernization of key clues hidden in the Navy's submarine construction project which. Since the 90s of last century since the submarine construction project has been the focus of the construction of the PLA Navy. Although the PLA Navy now has installed a new one out nuclear submarines, but out in the past 15 years, mostly for the conventional submarine loaded diesel-electric submarines. The secret of conventional submarines in shallow waters make it a highly efficient sea platform, but its mobility than the nuclear-powered submarines and surface warships poor, so not suitable for offshore operations.

East China Sea remains the strategic focus of the sea

The report, China's strategic thinking will to some extent by "the need to ensure sustained economic development in China access to the sea," the concept. However, on this point, the People's Liberation Army Navy to enter the Pacific Ocean was the first island chain channel blockade, the first island chain from the hostile or potentially hostile countries or territories control, especially by the United States to protect Taiwan and Japan. Moreover, the passage into the Indian Ocean through the South-East Asia also depends on the narrow waters around the islands and maritime choke points of the channel. Moreover, China's territorial waters and jurisdiction of all disputes, the plight decided to "maintain the PLA Navy in the South China Sea, the East China Sea and Yellow Sea advantage" over the past twenty-five years, Beijing's main strategic focus. This particular geopolitical agenda is China concerned about Taiwan's cause and power.

The article said that only a blue-water capabilities with the Chinese Navy with strategic significance is the idea was wrong, blue-water navy is not China's military modernization posed the main threat to the United States. In fact, China has become the ambition to dominate the regional seas can be simply described as the geography of East Asia Beijing to seek political advantage. Since 1996, the United States intervene in the Taiwan Strait conflict, "regional block" ability has been the focus of China's strategy to reduce the outbreak of the conflict the United States reinforced its allies and even the ability to stop the outbreak of conflict.

China's regional blockade, including submarines, mines, land / sea / space-based anti-ship cruise missiles, attack the sea suitable for the implementation of land-based air power missions, counter-space power, short / medium-range ballistic missiles - including those aimed at combating ships at sea - especially as the major goal of this U.S. Navy aircraft carriers - the Dongfeng ballistic missiles -21. China is increasing self-confidence through exercises and operations at sea, a slow but steady increase pressure on Taiwan and Japan.

Paper points out that the main reason people are concerned about the People's Liberation Army Navy is not limited blue water capability of China's current or potential carrier of development projects, but once the crisis or conflict, its growing East Asian Seas Regional blockade, which would break the U.S. Pacific Commander security system under the leadership of the Ministry, is a harmonious regional order, or the greatest threat to sea.

Core Tip: once the stay in Taiwan can cover a range of medium-range missile development Beijing may have to restart. According to Taiwan's "national security" person, "Department of Defense," senior officials in the "Legislative Yuan" on speech, Ma Ying-jeou has been converted to prove the principle began to Beijing again to proceed into the range of the missile development.

 

Data Figure: Taiwan developed "Hsiung Feng II" cruise missile

Global Times on April 29 reported that Japan's "Daily News" 25 revealed that Taiwan was once suspended for firing range of medium-range missile development in Beijing to restart. The report said Japan and the U.S. over Taiwan from the Futenma Air Station to generate friction regarding the "crisis", with China's naval military power has increased, once the "emergency", Taiwan is worried about U.S. military assistance difficult to obtain.

Reported that, according to Taiwan's "national security" person, "Department of Defense," senior officials in the "Legislative Yuan" on speech, Ma Ying-jeou has been converted to prove the principle began to Beijing again to proceed into the range of the missile development. March 29 Taiwan, "Deputy Defense Minister," Andrew Yang in the "Legislative Yuan" in his reply said: "In order to achieve effective control of the purpose of development of ground-ground medium-range missiles, Taiwan and cruise missiles in the right direction." Andrew Yang also said that Taiwan can strengthen its military pressure on the mainland to a certain extent. "Daily News" said this is in fact recognition of missile development. In addition, Taiwan's "Defense Ministry" who also said, "to the airport on behalf of the Futenma U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific issues, could make very close to Okinawa from the fate of Taiwan, and role changes. U.S. military forces defending Taiwan may also be limited, so Taiwan's move to improve their own power. "

Taiwan's Democratic Progressive Party came to power during the strongly R & D claims to have hit the mainland, Beijing, Shanghai and other major cities of the missile. However, with Ma Ying-jeou took office, the Taiwan authorities to improve cross-strait relations to avoid stimulating the mainland, was suspended in May 2008 including the "Hsiung Feng-2E" upgrades, including more than 1,000 km range missile development for all. At that time the Taiwan authorities that are stationed in Okinawa, Japan, the U.S. military "force suppression" exists, do not worry about the security of Taiwan.

But Japan and the U.S. because of the relocation of Futenma Air Station disputes continued, coupled with the People's Liberation Army Navy's military build up, Taiwan has "a sense of crisis." Taiwan's worry that "something" is hard to get help from the U.S. military. Therefore, the introduction of Taiwan's "Patriot" missiles, air defense, while medium-range missiles to re-start the development.
 

Core Tip: open this regard, said the latest development of its own stealth fighter ATD-X "mind" need to equip a jet engine. On the new aircraft to be equipped with engines offer has been sent to several companies. Japan interested in the models, including GE's F404, Snecma's M88-2 and the Volvo air for RM12.

 

Data Figure: Japan fourth generation stealth fighter ATD-X "mind" full-scale model

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 29 reported that Japan open its newest stealth fighter, manufactured by the ATD-X "mind" to equip a jet engine. On the new aircraft to be equipped with engines offer has been sent to several companies.

Russian bond network on April 27 quoted "flight around the world," the report said, according to sources offer has been sent out on May 10 asked for performance information and quotes. Japan's fourth-generation prototype for purchase of two engines, there is no acceleration in the case of at least 44-89 kN thrust. Japan interested in the models, including General Electric's F404 (F/A-18 series of major equipment), Snecma's M88-2 (major equipment "gust" series) and Volvo aviation RM12 (major equipment JAS-39 "Gripen").

Previously, Japan had hoped to buy four generations of fighters from the United States F-22, but the United States will be prohibited. 2004, Japan started to invest in building their own fourth generation fighters, engaged in the work of the Mitsubishi. In 2005 the first "mind" model in France had a "radar reflectivity" test. Now the two prototypes have not yet carried out its first flight test. Expected first flight will be conducted in 2014. "Mind" of the technical characteristics of the flight was unclear.
 

Core Tip: tightening by the Chinese mining and export of rare earth, rare earth mining stopped before the United States, Canada and other countries are considering the resumption of rare earth mining plan. Although the world's rare earth resources in China, most rich countries, but in the past few decades has been for the supply of the majority's low-dosage, increased industry consolidation in recent years, China, strict control Xituchukou Shu Liang, a strong impetus to the industry's healthy development .

 

Data Figure: Distribution of rare earth resources in China, including Inner Mongolia, the biggest share of the proportion of rare earth resources.

 

Data Chart: M1A2 "Abrams" tank known for its advanced navigation system, but the system used by samarium samarium cobalt magnets from China to buy.

 

U.S. reconstruction earth there are many difficulties in the supply chain, including spending a lot of money to the reconstruction of production facilities, development of new technologies and patents, etc., and many patents held by refining the hands of China.

First Financial Daily reported on April 29 by the Chinese to tighten the mining and export of rare earth, rare earth mining stopped before the United States, Canada and other countries are considering the resumption of rare earth mining plan. This is the "First Financial Daily" from last Friday's Asian metal mesh at the "2010 International Earth Summit" was informed of.

Known as the "industrial MSG," the earth, are widely used in wind power equipment, automotive exhaust purification equipment, precision instruments manufacturing and defense areas, directly affecting the clean energy production.

Although China is the world's most resource-rich countries of rare earth, but in the past few decades has been the global amount of low-cost supply of the Juetaibufen.

This makes China's proven reserves of rare earth from 43 million tons in 1995 accounted for 43% of the world, fell to 36 million tons in 2009 accounted for 36.52 percent worldwide. However, the rare earth industry in 2008 began to integrate its initial success: by reducing the mining points, standardized management, mining permits, rare earth rose significantly this year, the current varieties of rare earth oxide, praseodymium neodymium average quoted in the 181,000 yuan / ton, more rose 38.16 percent in early.

China's largest listed company Baotou rare earth rare-earth compared to the stock in early 2009 has risen nearly 3 times.

Foreign mining restart RE

The turn of the century, by the impact of cheap Chinese rare earth market, the United States, Canada and other countries of the rare earth mining industry to stop. United States, Australia and other rich countries is relatively rare-earth in the last 15 years basically useless to use than their rare earth resources.

"China announced a reduction in the share of exports in the past year, the international community is very concerned about this matter, many countries now want to re-Touzi earth." Rare Avalon Canadian Sales and Marketing Manager of the company told the newspaper than 皮埃尔尼特reporter.

According to 皮埃尔尼特 than, last year in September, the U.S. Department of Defense proposed rare earth safety analysis for the defense is really at risk, in addition, the U.S. Department of Energy is also studied. "The United States government agencies hope to restore the United States through legislation earth supply chain. Will be announced specific programs do not know, but it certainly is in progress."

Canada is no exception. "We also consider how to participate in the exploitation of rare earth, we are in a remote northwestern Canada, where there is a rare earth mine." 皮埃尔尼特 than that in 2005 the company bought the Avalon Metal Mine, mine in 2007 to investigate and study this. This year, the company initiated environmental assessments.

"We hope that other countries can also exploit its own rare earth, rare earth resources is not unique to China." Rare Earth Industry Association Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Deputy Secretary-General Zhang Anwen told the newspaper.

In his view, mainly in the Yangtze River in China Rare Earth Zi Yuan Huang He River, environmental control costs are very high, these costs should be performed by the Chinese borne global 消费者 should assume, in the past few decades, China has the extensive RE exploitation, serious damage to the local environment, and advances the future.

Although China's rare earth, tungsten, and antimony and other metals on the resources of three small relative abundance, but including iron ore, copper and other resources, including areas is very scarce. Since 2004 China's steel enterprises in the iron ore in the field of international mining companies have suffered huge exploit. Zhang Anwen that China should be understood abroad.

Industry integration initial results

Last Friday of the 2010 International Earth Summit gathered in the United States, Canada and Japan, the United Kingdom and other countries of the rare earth buyers.

The buyers discovered that rare earth this year, prices have soared since the early to early April, the main rare earth oxide prices rose at varying levels. One major varieties of rare earth oxide, praseodymium north up 50% neodymium oxide, cerium up 40%, up 27% lanthanum oxide; South Main varieties rose more, up 65% of dysprosium oxide, terbium oxide rose 69%, up 12% of europium oxide.

This is mainly because the integration of the domestic rare earth industry, initial results. "We believe that the domestic rare earth industry in oligopolistic competition pattern will appear." Huatai Securities analyst Tao Ye said.

In mid-April, Ye Tao of the rare earth industry in Jiangxi Ganzhou conducted field research. He found that once had more than 1,000 mining Jiangxi point, but is now reduced to 88 large and medium enterprises to focus on the trend are obvious. Ganzhou Ganzhou mining companies on behalf of the government, control of the city all the 88 mining permits business entities.

Previously, Ganzhou mining company representatives, as the owner of the mining license, mining rights only levy income. Only account for the proceeds of sales of private mine owners from 3% to 5%. This directly resulted in the actual extraction exceeded the state's mandatory annual distribution of extraction.

At present, the mining company to entrust Ganzhou processing mode, in the private mine owners of the mining cost plus a processing fee to buy all the rare earth mineral miners volume, and uniform sales.

Integration of the south and gradually form a rare earth resources and the control of circulation pattern, respectively. The north because of Rare-Earth's resources and mining permits large number of small, gradually flow from the resource to the field of comprehensive control of the situation.

Baotou Steel Rare Earth since its launch 12 years, of which 7 years of negative growth in profits. However, the second quarter of last year, sales profits of Baotou Steel Rare Earth began to rise into the fast track. The first quarter of this year, Rare-Earth 128 million net profit, up 262%, growth of 85.51%.

Related News

China's crackdown on the export of rare earth seriously affect the U.S. Equipment Manufacturing

Abstract: The Chinese Ministry of Land and regulation from 2007 onwards rare earth production. Last year in September, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology industry that will soon improve relevant policies and regulations, strictly control the export of rare earth in China. As U.S. weapons systems in a large number of rare metals from China, so China's move to the existing U.S. weapons and equipment manufacturers have serious implications. [More]
 

Core Tip: "Europe and Asia comments" website on April 27 article published in India, Raman experts, the article China's fishery and the navy since last year, several major moves that will continue the rise of the Chinese navy in East Asia for 50 years and the Western Pacific regional strategic framework for positive change, the United States and Japan, the so-called world exclusive "spheres of influence" end the era of the rule of power.

 

Japanese military sunrise open April 10 and now Okinawa Miyako Island seas between the number of Chinese Navy 9164 ship-based helicopters photo cards -28

 

Data Figure: Japan Maritime Self Defense Force P-3C anti-submarine reconnaissance aircraft flew in the Sino-Japanese dispute over the waters of the Chunxiao oil and gas fields

 

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 29 report on the "Eurasian Review" (Eurasia Review) Web site April 27, 2010 published in the Indian expert Raman (B. Raman) entitled "The Chinese Navy's combat power projection," the article, article reviews the fishery ship from China since last year, several major moves, and the recent Chinese naval exercises in the South China Sea and East China Sea, showing the rise of an increasingly strong and confident the Chinese navy, which will extend more than 50 years of East and West Pacific regional strategy framework for positive change, the United States and Japan and many other world powers need to adjust their viewpoint - exclusive worldwide so-called "sphere of influence" end the era of the rule of power.

The article first said that since last year, Chinese naval ambitions no longer have confidence on their own, that is to become an equal footing with the United States Pacific maritime power, China is already pursuing a dual strategy. This strategy to the Chinese Navy in the South China Sea and East China Sea open and marked by increasing self-confidence, but also to the Indian Ocean and the Gulf region in defense of maritime operations at sea marked by the deployment of capacity expansion. South China Sea and East China Sea issue China's self-confidence is also manifest in this region of the territory (territorial) sovereignty reiterated and affirmed their determination to defend the fishery, mineral, oil and gas resources; China's self-confidence is also reflected In that (if necessary) prepared to use the navy to protect the rights and interests.

Articles mentioned in the May 16, 2009, China issued an official ban on fishing the South China Sea in summer. Vietnam moratorium for the protest, said the move affected the Vietnamese fishermen in the region and the livelihoods of traditional fishing rights, China has rejected the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang at the June 9, 2009, said China including the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, including the South China Sea Islands and their adjacent waters have "indisputable" sovereignty, the Chinese fishing ban in the implementation of the SCS region is a routine of proper management measures to protect The sustainability of marine waters. Meanwhile, China has deployed some of these sea patrol vessels to enhance fishing policy. January 5, 2010, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said China's indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands, she also related to the development of Tourism in the State Department Guidance explaining to do, China will promote the Sea tourism, development No residents of island tourism. The article went on to say, China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC Ltd.) 2010 年 2 月 9 announced its partner Husky Oil China Limited (Husky Oil China Limited) in the South China Sea, the discovery of a new deep-sea gas fields - Liuhua (LiuHua) 29-1. This is the second in 2006 and 2009, the CNOOC in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, eastern South China Sea Block 29/26 was the third drill deep gas fields.

April 26, 2010, Chinese fishery authorities announced that the South China Sea fisheries administration sent two boats to succeed in the execution of tasks of the other two fisheries fishing protection vessels, began fishing protection of conventional routine tasks. South China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fishing Port Authority Authority Wu Zhuang (phonetic) said that the ship will take over 301,302 Chinese fishery in the Nansha Islands sea area from April 1 implementation of fishing protection mandate from the Chinese fishery 311 and 202 ships. He also added that the ship is sent to the South China Sea fishery fishing fishing protection in China, strengthening the power in the Nansha Islands fishery. The two fishery ship to sea from Sanya in Hainan.

Paper commented that China's increased confidence in the South China Sea, it is also with the aspirations and interests of Japan in the collision of the East China Sea enhanced "determination of the capability." February 23, 2010, when asked, "It is reported that Japan said that if China alone the East China Sea oil and gas exploration, will sue the International Tribunal for the Law, China's response?", The Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang said, the two sides reached on the issue in the East China Sea, "the principle of consensus," China has always insisted that the principle of consensus to maintain the position has never changed, I hope Japan will take concrete actions to implement the principle of consensus to create a good atmosphere and conditions. The principle of consensus requirements may, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws on investment involved in the Chunxiao oil and gas fields, "co-development", but "develop" and "joint development" are essentially different.

The article also mentioned that April 8, 2010, Liberation Army Daily announced that the East China Sea Fleet will conduct large-scale military exercises in the East China Sea. Subsequently, Japan's defense minister Kitazawa handsome (Toshimi Kitazawa) in April 13 declared that the PLA Navy ships started from April 10, including two submarines and eight warships, including, through the Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan, and between international waters, heading targeting the Pacific Ocean. It is reported that Japan had the matter through diplomatic channels to the question of China, Beijing, over the past other countries in international waters, the Navy held a similar exercise, implying that if other countries in the international waters of the Navy to hold such exercises, China Of course you can. Japan has made the movement of interpretation, this is the "expansion of Beijing's naval activities in international waters, naval forces to prevent foreign intervention in a signal." Japan April 21 Youxiang China complained that the Chinese military helicopter approached the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ships, which is the second time within a month experienced a similar incident, Japan's defense minister said that the helicopter from the ship less than a day distance of 90 meters and circled twice around the Japanese warships. The article goes on to say, the Japanese ships in monitoring China's military actions, Japan's Kyodo News quoted Japanese Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada (Katsuya Okada) as saying that China's actions did not violate ship any international law. In the April 8, the Japanese Foreign Ministry protested to China in 12 said that from the perspective of maritime security, the Chinese ships flying the helicopter arrived recently is a "dangerous" initiatives and asked the Chinese to this investigation. Japan's defense minister Kitazawa handsome said China's move may be displayed strength, he also said that Japan intends to strengthen the power in this area. The article mentioned that the Chinese Ministry of National Defense spokesman Huang Xueping April 22 to respond to that, organize military training in high seas areas consistent with international law, is also common practice around the world, not a threat to other countries. He also added that the state should not be normal training for the Chinese navy ships close track interference.

The article goes on to say, the Chinese media on Chinese naval movements in the East China Sea and South China Sea made a positive interpretation, suggesting that strong confidence in China through the modernization of the Navy prepared to protect the waters of the traditional rights and interests and to defend claim to sovereignty over its territorial sea. Article commented that, as China in East Asia to adopt a more responsible attitude, China's naval military exercises in international waters will be more frequent in the Western Pacific region, if the United States transfer of substantial strategic defense forces, naval forces in China is necessary to strengthen , the natural thing is that the Chinese navy would be to continue the conversion of more than 50 years of East Asia and Western Pacific regional strategic framework to bring change, and change the "positive", the Chinese did not harbor the challenges in the Pacific, the intention of the United States nor in the coastal waters with the intention of the Japanese military conflict, even though China will be the core at all costs to protect their own interests; the Western Pacific region is essential for world peace and stability, which requires the participation of all major countries, the future of the Western Pacific will No exclusive party, the United States and Japan and many other world power, "aggressive" expansion of maritime capability, but when taking into account China's move, they will need to adjust their viewpoint - exclusive worldwide so-called "sphere of influence "end the era of the rule of power.

Article then commented that the rise in the Chinese Navy's goal is to provide coastal defense, protection of trade channel and worldwide Chinese citizens, it is difficult to imagine in today's China will rely on the United States after World War II from the sea to create a strategic system to protect its own global interests of the growing Chinese Navy is a symbol of China's peaceful rise, many countries have recognized a rising China did not pose a threat to the world, if they really mean this, they should be able to understand China a stronger Navy. Where the Chinese navy to continue to strengthen with, and firmly uphold the rights and aspirations, it was a loud and clear signal.

This paper briefly introduces the author at the end of the Raman (B. Raman): a former Special Secretary of the Cabinet Secretariat Government of India, the Indian current affairs when he was Research Institute (Institute For Topical Studies) Director, he was India's strategy of non-profit think tank Chin Chennai Centre for China Studies (Chennai Centre for China Studies) members.

China's space plane test prototype has been successfully flight (Figure)
Core Tip: U.S. X-37B launch the space plane for the first time soon, China Aviation News, published in the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute for Aerospace Research, Technology and Design Optimization of space vehicle near the deeds of the overall Research Office, Wang Chun. The article said China's test of a prototype space plane has been successful maiden flight.

 

Original distribution plan

 

December 11, 2007, a mysterious aircraft picture was uploaded to several domestic military site: an unconfirmed Chinese space plane model of H--6 by the Chinese air force is preparing to take off bombers mounted: first from the pack to the high altitude bombers, and then separated from the aircraft mission.

 

The vehicle mounted by the H--6, its surface is coated with five-star red flag and the "Dragon" (Dragon) word, which means it may be a "Shenzhou" manned spacecraft, "Shenwei" high-performance computers, " SG "high-energy laser in a level of national science and engineering.

 

American X-37B space plane to test the atmosphere photographs, it must be a conventional aircraft carried to high altitude and then put to test in flight performance within the atmosphere. The official use, it is a launch vehicle into space, X-37B has been completed in the April 22 launch of the first practical machine, China's "Dragon" prototype space plane test should not be the case.

Xinhua reported on April 28 Air People: Wang Chun - Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute.

Wang Chun, male, Han nationality, born in October 1970, native place of Chongqing, in July 1992 graduated from the Nanjing Aeronautical Institute, University of Defense Technology in 2006 to obtain master's degree in aerospace engineering.

Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute successive Design Research Designer wing group, deputy head of the professional, technical design, laboratory space, deputy director of the general assembly, aerospace technology development team leader, is currently unmanned air and space technology Machine Design Laboratory of the Department of Near Spacecraft general director, senior engineer.

Wang Chun comrades to work 10 years, mainly engaged in aircraft structural design, design work, has in Jianshi aircraft Xiaolong aircraft design and development, "State 863 Project" Development of a major project to make a greater contribution to the work.

In a major project, "15" work, he participated in the entire test prototype of the design, the overall assembly, flight test, and fully responsible for the development of a subsystem project management, presided over the completion of the emergency isolation system design, installation, ground ground test and flight test, to achieve separation of spacecraft-level products in Aviation's successful application for demonstration safe completion of flight tests scheduled to lay a solid foundation.

His skillful, good management, in the "Eleventh Five-Year" led the work of the average age of less than 30 years of a young team, undertook a comprehensive test of a prototype of the design work completed in just four years, the overall design, the overall assembly, and as a prototype command and field hosted and participated in flight test, the prototype made major contributions toward the successful first flight.

He took part in the design of aircraft, with the new concept, layout and space combined with new features, breaking the overall structure, environmental control heat integration design, rapid changes in focus and the focus of matching a wide range of changes in design technology, the harsh heat environment of the whole machine integrated multi-band conformal antenna design, the whole machine integrated design payload to fill the gap.

As a professional leader and research director, in the face of the development work of a number of major models of highly parallel, the grim situation, Comrade Wang Chun difficulties, reasonable arrangements to plan and deploy resources to ensure the smooth progress of the research work.

He attached importance to the team culture, use of systems engineering management principles and methods of scientific research in grasping the same time everyday, pay attention to create a good and harmonious working environment, focusing on team building and professional development, and developed a forward-looking professional development plan.

In a number of key technology, to explore the process, he consciously organize and guide the team to carry out technical exchanges, effectively improve the grass-roots scientific research team of the basic qualities and ability to work for the laboratory and all the research work has been in the rapid development contributed to the momentum.

Comrade Wang Chun With excellent performance and willing to sacrifice the spirit of the many scientific and technological achievements won by the level and advanced workers in the title, has won first prize for scientific and technological achievements ministerial level 1, third prize 1, Group 3 so successful a second, access to military science and technology progress award 2, and was named General Armament Department of electronic information in a task based on advanced individuals.

Comrade Wang Chun overall design of China's aviation technology experts, young professionals, the development of China's third-generation fighters as well as in space technology, especially near open space in the field of innovation have made outstanding contributions.

He keep up the pace, pragmatic and proactive, perseverance character, and enthusiasm on the cause of aviation to serve the country, innovations beyond, has made outstanding achievements, bring into full play the technical backbone of the model lead to actions serving the country, the vast number of examples of young engineers and technicians.
 

Recently, several international media coverage of the eviction of the Chinese naval fleet to conduct training on the high seas of ancient strait situation, compared with the past, the participating in the training of ships has been expanded significantly, the North Sea Fleet and the East China Sea Fleet ships were deployed, including 115 Modern-class destroyers, Kilo-class submarines, including 10 ships. This fact may be established for the future Chinese carrier battle group and a stone's throw Pathfinder.

 

 
The Chinese navy is far less sea training course, had crossed the first island chain.
In early April, the Chinese navy sent by the submarines, surface ships, mobile formations composed of far out to sea before the military exercises. According to Japanese reports, the mobile fleet composed of 10 warships and logistics support ships while several vessels, including the North Sea Fleet, the first time the 115-sea training, "Shenyang" missile destroyer, the East China Sea Fleet of 137,139, Modern-class destroyer , two Kilo-class submarines, five guided missile frigates. Compared with the previous exercises and training for the Navy, the training significantly expanded in size, and location is in the clear over the first island chain of the seas. According to foreign reports The exercise also won the space-based early warning detection systems and support, marking the Chinese navy as well as joint combat capability of our army has a new leap forward.

During the exercise, show our military for the different mix of ships within the fleet and the large area of information control, overseas media and think that the fact is established for the future aircraft carrier fleet has accumulated experience and reinforce the foundation.

 

 
Carrier-based aircraft carrier is a source of power, but also has the advantage of flexibility.
We know that, since World War II carrier-based aircraft carrier, with its strong power, and even in modern naval war hero, the original represents enormous artillery fighting was between the duel between the carrier aircraft replacement. Numerous practical experience shows that: without sufficient air cover any surface ships can not face the full range of air strikes against the enemy. After the war with the technology, advances the performance of carrier aircraft, the aircraft carrier's own command and control guidance, logistical support capabilities are also growing, has become an integrated floating airport. The carrier is its greatest advantage is reflected here, with very strong because of its maneuverability, can quickly to hot spots before the establishment of air superiority, the other branches to provide the necessary air cover, as the Air Force did not need the land base of support.

Aircraft carriers - the U.S. political pawn

We know that a country's particular power may be many stakeholders areas, like the establishment of land bases in all areas not only require huge funds, and political problems are also difficult to exclude. Thus, in many cases, their interests may appear in the emergence of hot spots, but the lack of suitable land base usage, and an aircraft carrier just to make up for this vacancy.

 
George W. Bush visits U.S. aircraft carrier. U.S. aircraft carrier has been a wishful pieces.
So we will know the phrase well-known words - whenever hot issues, the U.S. president will ask "where our aircraft carrier?" Even with no enemy to fight the way, when the signs of conflict, to send aircraft carrier battle groups to the relevant areas of deterrence, the threat to national interests to force the other to give up the action; or conflict broke out, quickly arrived at the theater for its against the use of carrier aircraft performance advantages for long-range precision strikes, quick, do not struggle with to close.

Carrier will result in a passive defensive side of the great

For the opponents, because the carrier's mobility, so any point of its coastline is likely to be carrier-based aircraft in the invasion route, so the need for a full range of defense, which obviously will increase the cost of its defense system, so as to achieve its major energy-clamp to the inland and coastal defense above, which can not influence its relevant areas of interest. These are the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier has always insisted the surface to the core formation, in particular insist on operating with catapults, the root causes of large deck aircraft carrier - When the U.S. aircraft carrier arrived in the other coastal operations traveled long distances, when air superiority is still in his hands .

 

 
Carrier because of its powerful attack is the focus of the enemy.
Carrier is the other key target

Because of the huge aircraft carrier combat capability, the aircraft carrier is the other prime target. Modern aircraft in the theater of threat may come from the sky, surface, underwater and land-based anti-ship weapons systems, aircraft carrier itself, as its combat forces as the "vanguard" role. Therefore, the early outbreak of the conflict, aircraft carriers may have to face each other in the attack alone, so must have a sound of its own defense system to fight against each other's attacks, then better to play the carrier battle group capability.

Just as the aircraft carrier aircraft is the best offensive weapons, in defense of carrier aircraft actually play the leading role. In particular, modern ship-borne early warning aircraft have been able to master the aircraft carrier ring around the nearly 500 km of the air situation, carrier-based fighter with a strong horizon and the next video / radio capability and shipborne anti-submarine aircraft can be equipped with a variety of search and attack equipment, submarine and weapons. If the high threat environment, the United States aircraft carrier battle groups will be sent in the troops out to sea during the two E-2C aircraft carrier at a distance of 200 kilometers, 8000 meters above the ground to guard, and another two S-3A anti-submarine patrols in the low-flying, 6 F-14 fighter jets to 300 km before the outside air defense patrols can more than 400 km away from the other side to attack air targets, this ability is its own best defense.

Therefore, in order of 500 kilometers from the attack aircraft carrier, the need for complicated technology and high cost, generally countries can not match.

 
Burke-class ships, air defense missile volley standard scenes of inner defense aircraft carrier groups are still very dependent on surface ships.
Dependent on the inner surface ships, aircraft defense

But the carrier aircraft is clearly difficult to duty 24 hours in the air, another major carrier aircraft attack the use of lies, not defense. For anti-ship missiles for these small high-speed targets, especially in the saturation attacks, often on the front of the goal of fighters to intercept, the intercept can be turned to other targets, due to the time after a lapse of incoming missiles are very short, so it may be difficult again for the fighter to provide sufficient time to intercept.

This means that carriers need to escort surface ships, surface ships with the greatest benefit to the aircraft carrier to provide 24-hour defense screen, you can form a ring in all directions defensive lineup to guard against incoming targets. States with carrier-based aircraft carrier battle group are the first line of defense is the most important one, and try to intercept the majority of incoming missiles and aircraft dropped at the same time active defense tactics used against other reconnaissance, early warning aircraft, to weaken the other party for the theater information; second defense is that air defense frigate, that is, Aegis-equipped destroyers, Aegis destroyers function is to clean up the first line of defense in the net, and at the same time as the formation of daily air radar warning and guidance, to avoid excessive consumption of ship contains valuable early warning aircraft flying hours; the last is the Ge Jian and the carrier's short-range defense system to deal with the first two lines of defense failed to intercept the target. Anti-submarine defense is probably the case, the first line of defense is such an anti-submarine S-3 aircraft for a large range of the potential search; second is the nuclear submarine, similar to such a role fighter, detection, interception may result in the formation of the carrier the threat of underwater targets; Finally, anti-submarine destroyer, utilization towed sonar, anti-submarine helicopters, anti-submarine torpedoes and other means to attack underwater targets.

From here we can see only the surface, and submarine destroyer to join the aircraft carrier fleet will possess a strong, multi-layered defense system against incoming targets can form a multi-channel Lanji line, with strong viability for the attack aircraft carrier operations provides a strong support.

 
Three aircraft carrier battle group is similar to the formation of this magnitude, only the United States play in this game.
U.S. aircraft carrier battle group compiled

At present ships of the most complete, most powerful aircraft carrier combat capability than the U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups formation, from the preparation in the form of single-vessel, two vessels and three aircraft carriers special single-task forces, one U.S. Navy aircraft carrier battle group is usually the most common carrier formation, including its compiled; an aircraft carrier, two anti-aircraft cruiser 提康多罗加 level 2-3 Burke-class destroyers, two attack submarines, a supply ship, due to previous anti-submarine, including Sipuluen Si level, Perry retired after another, coupled with the disintegration of the former Soviet Union to reduce underwater, so now the U.S. Navy anti-submarine mission to provide more integrated Burke-class level and above.

Two-carrier battle groups: namely the aircraft to two, air-defense ships to eight, to four anti-submarine, ship supplies to two, which is typical of actual deployment of U.S. Navy way, and if a high intensity of threats to regional needs to the composition of task force has deployed three aircraft carriers, the escort may be more than 20 ships, six submarines to about 5 to about supply ship, can be a long, continuous operations, the Gulf War, the United States Navy once for this organization, in general the U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups to the core aircraft carriers and supply ships, aircraft carrier was about 20 km away from the anti-aircraft escort vessels formed circular ring, about 50 kilometers away is the anti-submarine escort vessels, in the front, and underwater threats on both sides of the main left and right to have two nuclear submarines, and another vessel as a pilot on scheduled routes for submarine detection and warning, a rear guard in the formation.

 

 
Flying time from the Navy submarine quickly began to extend the establishment of a full 45 years before they ended.
Flying the Chinese navy submarine strategy will soon limit the yellow water

Since the Chinese Navy to build, subject to economic and technological strength, in a long time to fly, potential, fast as the main means of combat, the number of small and medium-sized surface ships, and the performance is also inadequate, lack the necessary long-range detection , command guidance control system, so for a long time only the implementation of coastal defense mission. To the late 70s, the Chinese Type 051 destroyer ship, 053-type frigates and supply ships, water service was initially ships with the ability to form high seas fleet. 1980 051 Chinese Navy sent six destroyers in support of oil supply ship completed China's first intercontinental missile escort vessel, the task of the whole trial, the Navy long-range operations and accumulated some experience. The late 80s, with the development of the situation the South China Sea, the Chinese Navy began to consider the 051 destroyer escort with 053K series composed of mobile air defense combat formation, but whether these two ships or ship itself backward electronic weapons systems, in particular the lack of advanced, reliable air defense systems, command and control systems are inadequate formation, therefore severely restricted the mobility of early Chinese navy fleet combat capability.

 
Red Sea such as point 7 anti-aircraft missiles could not afford to support China's sea and air.
Points can not afford to support the Chinese navy's air defense air defense umbrella

In view of this, China has envisaged the introduction of regional air missile, but die a natural death, the first generation of surface ships in the improvement project and the second generation of surface ships equipped with the introduction of the main sea Sidewinder Missile and domestic models of sea-based Red Flag -7. In addition, the domestic data link equipment also increased Chinese naval fleet of mobile command and control and information sharing capabilities, which means that the Chinese navy could be implemented similar to the British Royal Navy "Fleet area air defense" concept of tactics, not only to share target information via data links to coordinate Ge Jian operations. Falklands War, the British aircraft carrier that is using these tactics to get close to air missile equipped with Sea Wolf ship support ship only to avoid being hit other missiles. But the British Sea Harrier aircraft carrier battle groups out there to intercept air defense fighters, there are sea dart case of regional air defense, is still many times the strength is not strong opponent break through defenses. Therefore, shipboard point defense weapons alone can not guarantee the viability of the Chinese navy fleet mobility.

 
Modern class with the SA-N-7 launchers with arm, fire access is very limited.
Expansion of the introduction of modern fleet air defense region level

90 years, the Chinese navy from Russia in the modern class destroyers. With the outside world speculated that the introduction of a different ship is not for the above SS-N-22 supersonic anti-ship missile (the missile about 100 km range and the U.S. aircraft carrier battle groups to control the radius of nearly 500 km far from it), but to obtain SA-N-7 Surface to Air Missile System, through the introduction of SA-N-7 of the Chinese Navy fleet air defense capability of significantly enhanced its range of 25 km can let the Chinese navy fleet air defense capabilities can reach the water, the antenna basically , the increase in firepower channel also increased Chinese naval fleet capacity targets. However, its ability to control the airspace is still weak, with tilting launchers allowed to attack capability against limited capacity, so China still need to shore-based naval air fleet of air situation information support and air cover.

 
South China Sea Fleet and the Japanese mobile combat formations can be 88 to compete formation.
Chinese Navy aircraft carrier needs

Beginning of this century the Chinese navy fleet combat capability significantly increased, including new ships, including Aegis destroyers continued service, in particular its use of Aegis destroyers of phased array radar with detection range, grasp the advantages of multi-target, with the vertical launch long-range ship-air missile, so that the Chinese navy fleet air defense capability rapidly extrapolation hundreds of kilometers, and the same vertical launch medium-range air missile match more closely the formation of an air defense system.

For now, to the South China Sea ship, for example, its from the two Aegis destroyers, two destroyers and four general-purpose frigate composed of multi-function mobile combat formations, which are unique to this region and the Sea of Japan from 8.8 Formation naval fleet to compete, also is an important material formed the basis of aircraft carrier battle groups. In recent years, China has continuously sent related to the implementation of the Gulf of Aden to escort ships went to the task, maintaining the safety of China's foreign trade lines, this long period of overseas duty in fact a long and promising future of the carrier battle group has accumulated experience in the implementation of the role of combat missions.

 
A U.S. Navy Aegis warship formation than the number of total number of the Chinese Navy Aegis-equipped destroyers and more.
However, in terms of its Aegis destroyers, its ability to handle the lack of low-air situation, need the support of external information systems to maintain the integrity of the theater air situation information to grasp, that the Chinese navy is still at this stage on a combat mission need to shore-based air support, in particular, early warning aircraft to provide support for low-air situation. This is a foreign news coverage of China and Sea naval exercises need to mobilize much of the important reasons for early warning aircraft, and in fact needs the establishment of intercepting long-range fighter aircraft to intercept the other line of attack in order to minimize the formation of self-defense system pressure. Therefore, China should set up its own aircraft carrier battle groups, its purpose is far from the sea battle in the formation for the surface to provide a complete defense system, the formation of multi-level fire configured to play save themselves, the purpose of destroying the enemy.

Chinese naval fleet is far more need for large sea training

We should be clear that the Chinese navy is still in the development stage, only one project Aegis warships, Chinese naval targets only the 052C, 051C the two, while a U.S. aircraft carrier battle group-owned Aegis destroyers in five or so. That set up China's current air defense ships are stretched a single aircraft carrier battle group, let alone two-way high-level aircraft carrier battle group formation. This is only the gap between hardware and software, including the quality of personnel, military training, rules and regulations such as these need a lot of theoretical research, demonstration exercises as a support, which is why the Chinese naval exercises have become increasingly frequent in recent years away from the coast of the root causes.

 

Century Navy, the development of any country are not ocean-going navy and on a heel, but after a long period, several generations of hard work, even more important to the comprehensive national strength as a strong support, we can not stop because of previous difficulties and not before, not because of the progress achieved carried away, down to earth, struggling to open up the development of China Navy is a must.
 

Core Tip: Chinese Ambassador to Japan Cheng Yonghua at a press conference today, resentment against Japan before the Japanese approximation of the Chinese Navy frigate helicopter to conduct a response, pointed out that the Japanese planes and ships to keep up with the Chinese fleet, contrary to the spirit of mutual understanding and trust.



Followed to monitor Chinese naval fleet of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force destroyer (picture below)

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 28 reported that, according to Taiwan's "CNA" April 27 news, the Chinese ambassador to Japan Cheng Yonghua today at a press conference, before resentment against the Japanese navy helicopter approaching the Japanese frigate China to conduct response, pointing out that Japan aircraft to keep up with the Chinese fleet, contrary to the spirit of mutual understanding and trust.


Cheng Yonghua was invited to Tokyo today, "Japan National Press Club" held a press conference for the Chinese Navy helicopter SDF warships approaching the issue recently, said in answer to a question, first place a problem in China shortly after the fleet left the Shanghai area, location from Japan, Miyako Island, and closer to China.

Cheng Yonghua pointed out that Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force from the scope of the Shanghai area of China closely follow the fleet, the Japanese guard patrol ships and aircraft to track the Chinese fleet to the Pacific, such actions violate the spirit of mutual understanding and trust.

By the 10 Chinese naval fleet consisting of earlier this month in the East China Sea to the southeast of Miyako Island, training in high seas waters. Japan noted that the Chinese ship-borne helicopters, 8 and 21, were approaching Japan over the East China Sea frigate, the level of only 90 meters from the nearest Japanese government protested to China 21. But China said later, the helicopter approaching the practice of Self-Defense Force escort for the alert to monitor the Japanese side to take the necessary defensive measures.

Core Tip: 25 April morning, Chinese fishery Nansha cruise fishing protection vessel formation in the Chinese fishery 301,302 set sail from Sanya, South China Sea deep fishing protection advance to take over the Nansha Islands sea area is the implementation of fishing protection mandate and the Chinese fishery 311 202 ships, cruise fishing protection will Nansha as the routine task of the Chinese fishery.

 

Data Figure: China Fishery 301 ships and 46,012 boats in 2009 in the Paracel Islands Sea cruise enforcement.

 

Data for: 2009 in the South China Sea fishing protection mandate the implementation of the fishery's largest boat ship 311.

April 28 Xinhua reported on April 25 morning, Chinese fishery Nansha cruise fishing protection vessel formation in the Chinese fishery 301,302 set sail from Sanya, South China Sea deep fishing protection advance to take over the Nansha Islands sea area is the implementation of China's fishing protection tasks fishery 311 and 202 ships, cruise fishing protection will Nansha as the routine task of the Chinese fishery.

South China Sea Fisheries Administration Ministry of Agriculture Secretary, said Wu Zhuang, April 1 sailing of the Spratly Islands in the Sanya Formation cruise fishing protection to go to the Nansha sea patrolling fishing protection mandate has made significant achievements, and strengthen the Nansha sea area of China's effective management of patients with active rescue fishermen fishing on the invasion of neighboring countries play a deterrent role, effectively safeguarding the country's fishing rights. The formation marched to send the Nansha sea fishing protection mandate the implementation of fishing protection, is a manifestation of the continuity of fishing protection work, strengthening our country in the Nansha area of fishery management efforts.

According to reports, the cruise fishing protection formation, by the Ministry of Agriculture, the South China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau of the South China Sea Corps composed of Chinese fishery 301,302 boat, they will Nansha Islands sea area on the number of fishing protection and formation of Chinese fishery vessels 311 and 202 exchange combined shift, replacing them, continue to cruise fishing protection work.

Wu Zhuang said the main task of the Nansha cruise fishing protection is to safeguard national fishing rights, protection of our fishing production safety, protect maritime fishery production order of the normal, standard production and strengthen the conservation of marine living resources of the Spratly Islands and the management of fishing vessels for the fishermen in China assistance and services.
 

Core Tip: "Global Times" reporter with the East China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau of the cruise fleet to sea. Oil and gas fields in the East China Sea near the formation of Japanese aircraft encountered low-altitude hovering. If the Chinese ship off the east longitude 125 degrees 30 minutes, most of the time, Japanese planes will soon be over, according to observations, the Japanese investment in this maritime and attention far beyond the scope of fisheries management.

 

Data Figure: Chinese drilling platform in hovering over the East China Sea, Japan P-3C reconnaissance patrol aircraft

Sino-Japanese East China Sea are claimed

Japan's unilateral claim of the 200-mile line

World Times on April 28 when Japanese media reported that China's rampant speculation shipborne helicopter close to the Japanese ships to Japan's "unacceptable" occasion, "Global Times" reporter is with the East China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau of the cruise fleet to sea. Oil and gas fields in the East China Sea near the formation of Japanese aircraft encountered low-altitude hovering. Taizhou, Zhejiang advice, just before the sea, several fishing boats boss said, this is the surprising thing was. In the tentative agreement on measures for fisheries waters, if the Chinese ship off the east longitude 125 degrees 30 minutes, the majority of the time, Japanese planes will soon be over, in your head around a few laps. Japan set the "provisional measures waters" undecided between the two countries in the East China Sea before a "common fishery arrangement", according to the reporter's understanding and observation, the Japanese investment in this maritime and concerns far beyond the scope of fisheries management, with Zhejiang fishermen guess "certain senior Japanese satellite to monitor this sea." The hundreds of thousands of fishing boats here, Chinese fishing vessels and permit frequent cruise ships in China is China's fishery sea and reinforce the main keep.

Japan and South Korea have long been caught in the East China Sea wantonly

"Global Times" reporter from Zhejiang Taizhou Chen island boarded the big "China Fishery 201" ship. Although it is the East China Sea fishery, the largest public boat, but in April the East China Sea on the spate of 89 or so to ship wind kiloton cruise ship formation led to postpone the sailing fishery time, first-Dachen Island shelter. It's the day of embarkation a day the wind eased off, "Chinese fishery 201" led by Zhejiang Taizhou and Wenzhou, the two 300-ton fishery detachment official sail boat fishery. In the fishery board, the reporter saw a specialist in Japanese and Korean fishing agreement map, the Sino-Japanese Fishery Agreement "provisional measures waters" is basically caught in the coastal Zhejiang Province in China and Japan, the Ryukyu Islands, Tokara Islands, Amami Islands and Okinawa Islands a very wide between the parallelogram close to the sea: the North line of 30 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, 27 degrees north latitude, the southern margin of the eastern and western sides of the territorial sea baseline by the two countries were pushed out 52 sea miles constitutes a slightly curved hypotenuse. This fenced lot in the East China Sea a sea. Basically, the East China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau arranged every month fisheries where cruise ship management, ship 201 has three times this year to cruise the waters of this piece.

According to "United Nations Convention on international maritime law," exclusive economic zone of the coastal State to the sea from the seabed subsoil waters of economic resources exploration, development and use of exclusive rights. The fishing industry, for example, under the jurisdiction of the country without the consent of other countries not to enter the exclusive economic zone fishing vessels. "China's fishery 201" ship's political commissar Tang Wensheng told reporters on board, because China and Japan on East China Sea between China and there is controversy over the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf delimitation between the two countries reached a "China-Japan Fisheries Agreement", provisional measures waters, control of fishing vessels in the number, size, under the premise of the approval and management side on their fishing boats south of provisional measures, most of the East China Sea north of fisheries relations between the parties to maintain status quo of basic, provisional measures in East and West side is no dispute between China and Japan's exclusive economic zone. This is the world's first maritime delimitation between the two countries before undecided on fisheries between the two countries to make transitional arrangements to the exclusive economic zone system of bilateral fisheries agreements, the effective date has been nearly 10 years.

Zhejiang Taizhou most developed fisheries, a number of Chinese fishermen, "Global Times" reporter points to his own views. Stone Town, Wenling, a new vision of the village area is a typical fishing village party secretary Du son and said: "In the past, Japan, Korea, large-scale development of fisheries, their fishing vessels have went to our house to catch the East China Sea fishery resources are in They Laode almost the same. and so on up to our boats, the result is restricted everywhere, those who keep our fisheries resources in a good place to go, like the Tsushima Strait before we can go now completely out of the fishermen are basically no land, the fishermen how to do? Unfortunately, such a strong fishing power, many boats can only squeeze in the East China Sea fishery resources and fishing areas fishing has been poor. "East China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau Director Liu Chun tree basic recognition Taizhou fishermen statements of historical fact, He said the fifties and sixties of last century, the Japanese did to develop the marine fishing industry, a large number of machines fishing ships to enter the Chinese coastal waters within 12 nautical miles, and even the Yangtze River estuary to catch fish, and then later the size of South Korea's fishing industry also developed. To this end, the fifties or sixties of last century, the Chinese have used the navy to fishing protection.

Day on the longitude 125 degrees 30 minutes very sensitive to

Navigation in the East China Sea in Sino-Japanese fishery waters of the provisional measures, the reporters saw the majority of the sea really are Chinese fishing boats, cruise down a few days, journalists in the fishery board 201 with only seen a longline South Korean fishing boats and a cutlass in Japan seine fishing vessels. Into the night, the Sino-Japanese provisional measure little fishing-boat fishing around the area, 201 boat captain Shi Dong said: "It's like walking on the street in Nanjing, as almost all Chinese fishing boats on both sides of the light." Chun told reporters tree, 2009 fishery department permits provisional measures in the Sino-Japanese Fishery Agreement fishing waters have more than 18,000 Chinese fishing vessels, compared with 10 years ago, more than 20,000 vessels have been reduced some, you know the East China Sea Fisheries Administration Bureau within the jurisdiction of a total of more than 100,000 fishing boats. In contrast, the waters to Japan to provisional measures, but hundreds of fishing boats operating. Japan's apparently not really care about the East China Sea fishery resources, it took great efforts to keep a close eye is actually the jurisdiction of the waters.

It is understood that China and Japan on East China Sea there are differences between the concentration of claims on the continental shelf delimitation. China maintains that in accordance with the principle of natural extension of continental divide, the continental shelf between China and Japan should be bounded by the Okinawa Trough. Japan advocate the use of the "middle line" to carry out the East China Sea Continental Shelf, which has never been the international legal principles on the Continental Shelf. Despite the uncertain demarcation between the East China Sea, China has never recognized Japan's so-called "middle line", but Japan's own actions is almost always tightly that holds its "median line" idea. Red Stone Town, Taizhou former fishing village, the captain should be Po Lin said that Japan seems to have longitude 125 degrees 30 minutes as the so-called "middle line", the Chinese fishing vessels fishing in the East China Sea, feeling particularly evident, as long as this line eastward across Japan aircraft, ships generally soon coming.

Speaking of Japan's "allergic reaction", Taizhou fishery detachment Wu Junjie, deputy chief of detachment that many fishermen are reflected, obviously the Chinese fishing boats are licensed to the provisional measures after waters, and may be one more than longitude 125 degrees, Japan Coast Guard, Maritime Self-Defense Force started to respond. Moreover, these Chinese fishing boats and fishermen, the Japanese coast guard ships and aircraft deployed to monitor is not too, and sometimes even dispatched the Coast Guard's ships and Self-Defense Force reconnaissance plane. Wu Junjie, said: "Recently, the Chinese navy to the other side of the high seas exercises navigation Okinawa, Japan, nervous mess, if China is so sensitive that the Japanese Self-Defense Force warships, military aircraft operations every day, so in the disputed waters, China is it not each day can have something to say! "Lin Ying Bao said:" Our fishing boats to the location of a Japanese plane flew a few minutes, there is definitely a very advanced satellite surveillance to the area, Japan is really willing in this regard The ah! "Shi Dong said the captain, 201 ships in March and Japan are also fishing waters cruise provisional measures, have been open to 127 degrees east longitude near the results of Japan's movement particularly, Coast Guard, Maritime Self-Defense Forces are dispatched, naval surveillance plane circled low. In this regard, Tang Wensheng political commissar said, according to the Sino-Japanese fisheries agreement, with Chinese fishing boats in the waters of the provisional measures of production, China's fishery boat over management as it should be, the Japanese did not need such a response.

Japanese strong in marine management

Provisional measures in the waters, in accordance with the agreement, Chinese fishing boats to Chinese, Japanese fishing boats Japan tube, while another can be informed of their fishing vessels to each other irregularities. Japan provides China with the Chinese fishing vessel suspected of illegal fisheries information is usually very detailed, many of these aircraft as well as satellite photographs, as well as practices, operation time, type of fishing and catch, location of latitude and longitude, etc. very detailed content, most of them focus on strengthening management in Japan, the so-called "middle line" found in the waters east. Tang Wensheng said that in the case of boarding can not collect such detailed information on field operations, Japan's ocean management can be seen, more to suggest that Japan will ask China has taken great pains to investigate the results, if China does not deal with , also insisted the Chinese side to explain.

Now, Japan-Japan fisheries agreement concerns the scope of provisional measures in the waters there are moves west, point very clear, that in this sea in the East China Sea gas fields. When the reporter arrived to the "China Fishery 201" law enforcement officers boarded a Korean fishing vessel inspection, the cruise fleet in the "China Fishery 33015" ship in the East China Sea oil and gas fields around Bajiaoting offshore drilling platform to catch up with a blue hull, yellow Japanese fishing boat drivers floor board is written the name of the vessel, "the 27th Hock pill." Reporter Chuandi platform near Bajiaoting see the coordinates on the electronic chart roughly 29 degrees north latitude, 125 degrees east longitude. Take charge of the "China Fishery 33015" command Wu Junjie told reporters Interestingly, they approached that vessel, "the source Fukumaru" less than 10 minutes, a gray sky on the flying, machine body can see the sun propeller flag icon reconnaissance aircraft, air boat in the fishery and circled a couple of laps. Japanese planes in the East China Sea on the common points, a fishery officer photographed the scene of aircraft photos, this is the Japan Coast Guard aircraft.

On "Global Times" reporter in the East China Sea, as seen on the East China Sea gas field not far from several platforms, the ship approached the naked eye can see three: Pinghu oil and gas field offshore the first comprehensive platform, an octagonal pavilion platform and under construction the orange of the "South China Sea II" platform. Chun Xiao oil and gas platforms in the most south-east, not north latitude and 29 degrees, 125 degrees east longitude little more. For these rigs, the Japanese trying to figure out the details. With the "China-Japan Fisheries Agreement," Japan concerned Zeng Yi avoid a Japanese fishing boat safety accidents grounds to the East China Sea gas fields to China's specific situation to the Japanese side, the result of course, be rejected. Today, the Japanese fishing boat in the East China Sea gas fields, this trend is noteworthy.
 

Core Tip: Dai Xu that the PLA's combat more advanced platform can only import large quantities of many homemade weapons, engines and some of the core technology platform to be imported. Compared with the United States, Sino-US economic and technical patterns that is not on an era. And the Rand Corporation released a survey in China if Aside from nuclear weapons, conventional military power is only out in the world 24.

 

Dongfeng-31A missiles, China National Day parade. Rand said that if you count nuclear weapons, China's military power is only out in the world 8.

 

Rand Corporation's conventional military power into the Chinese Army just out in the world 24. The picture shows the PLA is still a lot of equipment, the Type 83 152mm towed cannon.

April 28 Xinhua reported late last year released "Global Political and Security Report (2010)", the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences that China's comprehensive national strength ranks seventh in the world, while China's military power after the United States, "ranked second in the world."

Academy of Social Sciences under the military, the number of troops and weapons in three aspects of the indicators that the U.S. military in the world, China's second, Russia third. Such mathematical equations incorporated into the forms of evaluation that is not reflected military strength, strength that is industrial and technological strength of the social common sense. China has no large aircraft, there are no major warships, no intellectual property rights of the computer industry, so more advanced army can only import large quantities of combat platforms, and many homemade weapons, engines and some of the core technology platform to be imported. Bilateral economic and technological form that is not an era, the United States is the industrial and information age, China is a semi-rural semi-industrial era, the decision of fundamental indicators of the overall strength of the two sides can not be tied, how could tie it military?

America's economy is driven by technological innovation, we are driven by government investment; the United States with high-tech Boeing aircraft and munitions products make money around the world, we can only rely on their own land cover from their own people in the real estate dry Chak and fishing. Look at the 2008 arms sales records: Despite the deep financial crisis, the U.S. arms sales around the world are still nearly 40 billion U.S. dollars, the first row for a few years, Russia 80 billion, China is only 20 billion. This is the tripartite portrayal of the real strength and military strength.

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the military ranks second in the world to explain the reason that the number of Chinese troops first, but also has more than 7,000 tanks. This is even more absurd.

World famous Rand that if you count the nuclear weapons and nuclear submarines, China's military is barely considered as the eighth world, excluding the two can not be used if high-tech conventional war, and that Chinese military power can only be ranked 24th in the world bit.

Russian military expert Alexander the Great Sacoor that war not only look at money. Although the Chinese economic miracle, but it is not relying on technological development, but to rely on cheap labor made. China's military is not as powerful as what the outside world, the Russian army is still the world's most powerful military one. Russian media generally agreed that China's military doctrine, equipment gaps, is comprehensive.

Without the use of modern state and the military strength and control standards, is a major flaw in this report; but not to introduce the concept of soft power, then to Academy of Social Sciences report basically do not have the reference value, at best an "academic parade" . Really determine a country's military strength is the military industry of hard power, soft power part, and really the core of what the military combat, is an advanced concept of war is a rich experience of modern war, is a high fighting spirit, full of martial spirit is . This is exactly what we need most.

Every Chinese people want a strong state as soon as possible, but this depends on the correct understanding of the law of social development, and persistent hard work, not with opportunistic, not to rely on self-deception, boast, hat and no cattle.

This report, the lack of modernization of national symbols and general understanding of military common sense, in addition to ulterior motives for the international manufacturers to provide China threat to attack China on the outside of the target, without any meaning.

Core Tip: Brussels Institute of Contemporary China 25, a senior fellow 乔纳森霍思 Roger said, China is expanding its advanced missile Dongfeng -25 ownership, and may start this year or next year, Dongfeng -41 using a new long-range missiles.

 

Data Figure: 25 is the first outside of the east wind 21 to dress up the car carrying the integration of TEL's call

 

Data Chart: Internet users made Dongfeng 41 missiles Imaginative

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 27 reported that 25 new sites in Europe, published in Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Senior Fellow Jonathan - Huosilege (JonathanHolslag) article said that China is expanding its advanced missile has a capacity of Dongfeng -25 .

The article said that recently the United States and Russia signed the "nuclear weapons reduction treaty," the development of bilateral relations has provided a new impetus to United States and Russia agreed to the number of nuclear warheads reduced from 2000 to 1550 is indeed a big step forward, but in view of China currently only has about 200 nuclear warheads, so it is still relatively very large numbers. It is noteworthy that the U.S. and Russia in the future there may be deployment of 700 strategic missiles, and according to Pentagon estimates that China currently only has about 100 long-range and medium-range ballistic missiles.

U.S. and Russian stockpiles of nuclear weapons is undoubtedly a large scale between the two countries during the Cold War principle of mutually assured destruction of the product. In today's world, countries have favored the nuclear strategy of minimum nuclear deterrence, that is the key targets set for some combat capability. This in turn requires a much smaller but the quality is more reliable nuclear arsenal. Such as China, Russia and the United States and other nuclear countries have spent billions of dollars each year to upgrade its nuclear warheads and delivery systems. China is currently working to expand its advanced missile Dongfeng -25 ownership, and may start this year or next year, Dongfeng -41 using a new long-range missiles. Moreover, Russia and the United States, led by the two countries, India and other countries are also committed to providing its missiles with multiple warheads in order to improve the ability to protect themselves.

Even if the decrease in the number of nuclear warheads, a similar competition will be staged in other areas. Currently, China, India and Russia and some other countries step up the development of missile defense capabilities in the. Moreover, space has become a new battleground. Pentagon 2011 budget includes dozens of new astronomical research projects. In response, China is also developing new anti-satellite missiles and laser weapons. In addition, China, the United States and Russia also has thousands of computer experts, ready to launch network attacks. The most important thing is to invest heavily in other Asian countries are also its conventional arsenal.

Both China and India continue to reduce nuclear weapons to the United States regarding the skeptical. China has repeatedly accused Washington of other countries in the evaluation of civilian and military nuclear projects, a double standard. For example, the Chinese military and civilian nuclear program, experts said the US-India nuclear agreement and its handling of nuclear fuel in Japan there is ambivalence on the issue. At present, the Obama administration "zero nuclear" scenario facing the main problem is that its nuclear weapons and powers separated between the complex security issues to the.

Guadalcanal, the name has a strange tropical island of Spain, originally unknown, but in August 1942 a battle was to make it leaving a legacy. In the Battle of Midway, the U.S. military to the island as a counter-offensive against Japan's first goal, the first Marine Division was ordered to attack Japanese troops seized the island's airport, opened a bloody battle that lasted half a year , in the harsh environment, the Marines tested, stubborn insistence to establish contributions ... ...

 

I. Battle of the Pacific War the United States began to counterattack, shown in blue for the U.S. military's counter-offensive line, red circle office shall place the first counter-offensive - i.. (Click to enlarge) In June 1942 the Battle of Midway, the Japanese navy while defeat, but its main surface ship force is still the basic integrity of the fighting force without damage, the Japanese clearly place an extra army siege is, the heady, So the Japanese headquarters decide to continue the offensive to Rabaul to forward bases, attacks south New Guinea, threatening Australia, and east along the Solomon Islands, leap, To cut off lines of communication between the United States and Australia, to stop the U.S. military to Australia based implementation of the counterattack, and in i. It is for this purpose the construction of the airport.

    On the other hand, the U.S. military is also actively planning for offensive operations, the first goal is to take a foothold in Solomon Islands, was originally chosen i. north Tulagi Island, is expected to visit early in August. But the aerial reconnaissance discovered the construction of the airport on the Japanese army in i. Therefore, as a goal to i. also. August 1, loaded with a Marine division nearly 20,000 officers and men of the transport fleet sailed really tall alien tropical island ... ....

    "Pacific," the first episode is from here.
 
 
In the Interpretation of the "Pacific," the first episode of the story before, it is necessary to first focus on what the three characters introduced, to clarify their situation, help sort out the drama of the context. One is the "Pacific," the protagonist of one of the mini-drama: 罗伯特莱基. The other two are the play does not show up, but directly related to the two background characters - the Battle of World War I in i. Marine fame will be a division of the Vandergrift, and the first Japanese i. counterattack force commanders a clear straight wood Colonel. Here were the three men Introduction.
 
The Japanese character set lead the U.S. military background background people

             罗伯特莱基
    American writer, born December 18, 1920. After the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor, Lakey joined the Navy Marine Corps as a Marine Division 2nd Battalion 1st Regiment, a machine gunner. He attended the Marine a Division except all the major battles outside of Okinawa. September 1944 blast concussion in peleliu be evacuated before the front. [More]
 
         Alexander Vandergrift
    Marine Corps General, in March 1887 Born in Virginia, joined the Marine Corps in 1908. The outbreak of World War II has been promoted to the Vandergrift at least one division as a Marine commander, command teams participated from August 1942 to February 1943's i. battle, a well-known war hero. [More]
 
               A wooden Kiyonao
    Japanese Army Colonel, was born October 16, 1892. July 7, 1937, direct command of a wood clearing team created a "Marco Polo Bridge Incident" marked the prelude to full-scale war Japan. August 1942 had been promoted to Colonel, he led the troops landing i., Jiaokuang get a wood that is not waiting for backup attacked, defeated and committed suicide. [More]
 
 
And "Arms" select different units, "the Pacific" can be selected for the U.S. Another sign used to crack war - Marine Corps, so that ordinary soldiers, from the perspective of the audience experience the main battlefield of World War II, another - the Pacific war . First, a series of film history with film clips, President Roosevelt's speech in Congress soundtrack playback and memories of surviving veterans of the scene quickly to the audience back to 60 years ago.
 
 

Lakey, who landed and found everything very quiet, but no sign of the Japanese (above). In fact, in i. battle, U.S. troops on the beach in general are very safe, several soldiers Guangzhuobangzai Figure in handling ammunition is not a shred of investment security concerns (below). Overture easy

    After a short opening video warm-up, the camera turns and immediately cut into the real battle, August 7, 1942, the U.S. military landed in Guadalcanal, the Japanese seized the island airport is under construction. In the ensuing six months, this tropical island into the flesh of the Japan-US military disc, is also famous U.S. Marines land. Several characters in the film are as common a Marine a division soldiers took part in the landing.

    For once in the "Saving Private Ryan" has created a 15-minute "Omaha hell" Spielberg, the representation i. landing is a piece of cake. Marines pray in the rough in secretly, vomiting, and wait, everything familiar, but the door is not open to meet the Marines roar of bullets, but the previous landing looks like comrades lazy and full of banter welcome everyone's face The tension quickly dissipated. They met at the beach as the biggest trouble is hard to prize open a coconut shell, there are the young conscripts of the Japanese laugh hundreds of millions of coconut in the poisoning concerns.

    The true history of landing i.

    Real history does not encounter resistance i. landing, because beyond the Japanese surprise attack on U.S. troops, i. only a small amount of work on the force, able to organize defense, the U.S. military had just landed on the back into the jungle, waiting for reinforcements. U.S. forces then marched inland to reach an abandoned Japanese camp, where over and over messy, discarded boxes there are not eaten rice, bunker beds do not take away, these signs are that the Japanese withdrawal is very hasty. [More]
 
 

U.S. Navy on Aug. 8 at night the Japanese point of the "fireworks", the loss of four heavy cruisers. The sea at night, "fireworks"

    But the next night on the more lively, the marines have a sea battle in the trenches of the audience, in their eyes that burn, explode the vessels were poor, "the Japanese hybrid", and hailed, but at dawn they found transport ship off the coast to escape with supplies, and flat in the evening was pain is precisely the Americans.

    U.S. Navy Battle of Savo Island was hurt flat

    The sea is the famous Battle of Savo Island, took place at night in August 8, the Japanese five heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and a destroyer attack i., in one fell swoop sunk four Allied heavy cruisers, this is U.S. Navy suffered during the war one of the biggest failures. After the withdrawal of the navy, land forces of a division can only adhere to the reinforcement by virtue of their arrival. [More]
 
 

August 20 morning, the battle in the Tai Luna estuary U.S. M1917 heavy machine gun fire (above). Desperate charge of the detachment of a wooden soldier was the U.S. military as a "turkey" to play (below). Taina Lu mouth in the first battle

    Clear wood straight from the first counter-offensive led forces - about 1,000 people a wooden detachment landed on the island in August 18 after the early morning on August 20 and the U.S. military experience in Tai Nalu River, "Pacific" in The first war movie on the performance of this battle, the U.S. military has detected the Japanese movement, the layout of the machine-gun fire near the mouth of points and barbed wire. Because it is night, the scene is relatively confusing. For the Japanese in the battle degrees River winding attack U.S. forces, the U.S. military machine gun positions corresponding shift constantly. I saw the darkness and fired bullets dashing flash, holding rifles desperate charge of the Japanese soldiers, and instantly be labeled as a sieve.

    Detachment be promptly reimbursed for a wood

    In the big bright sky, the Marines have found that he made a typical slaughterhouse, the beach littered with corpses, especially in a dike across the mouth of the corpse had been filled, and from this perspective, "Pacific" in the reduction battlefield area is spared no effort, because the Japanese are indeed the real battle trying to break from the sandbar.

    "Long live the emperor" of the suicide attacks

    Japanese hand grenade detonated and wounded U.S. soldiers die is also true, as well as a division commander at Marine Vandergrift ordered not accept the Japanese prisoners of war. In addition, the U.S. military in combat also sent tanks and aircraft, this does not show in the film. The final outcome of a detachment of wood and not far from the film, more than 900 killed 770 people, only 128 survived, a tree Colonel hara-kiri, the U.S. military killed 35 people and injuring 75 people. [More]
 
 

Japanese infantry squad is only equipped with a machine gun, the class is difficult to match the U.S. military firepower. The level of the original Japanese War

    Compared to the U.S. military machine guns, assault rifles and semi-automatic rifle fire consisting of intensive, lack of automatic weapons, the Japanese did not fight back, but in the film seems quite fierce Japanese fire, In my impression of 99 machine guns and 99 rifles as the main equipment of the Japanese is difficult to achieve the kind of firepower density.

    In fact from the weapons, equipment and logistical support and other aspects of the factor, or a World War I when the Japanese original army, the U.S. Marine Corps can not match the advanced equipment. Light weapons on the US-Japan gap between the details can be found by the fire, "Sniper," written by Bo Wen (View "Pacific", about the United States, Japan and light weapons between the two sides). [More]
 
 
This set of equipment photographed mainly dominated U.S. light weapons, which is among the most impressive characters than Leckie in the mouth and the Japanese night Taina Lu used M1917A1-type machine guns, the fire in its network, the desperate charge of the Japanese were fighting a "turkey." There is also some kind of weapons are impressive, they are Thompson submachine gun, M1911A1 pistol and wounded the last Japanese troops shouted "Long live the emperor" for suicide attacks used by the Type 97 grenade.
 
  Bullet hose: Browning M1917
    Browning M1917 water-cooled machine guns in World War I began and equipment to improve in 1936 as the M1917A1 type. As long as there is fighting in the play, basically it play a leading role. Confirms the U.S. saying: "He poured a bullet hose", that coverage with intensive enemy fire. [More]
   American Gangster Queen: Thompson submachine gun
    Marines armed with assault rifles check M1928A1 Japanese abandoned cars, loaded 100 rounds of ammunition drum, the United States in 20,30 gang Queen's arms, known as the "Chicago typewriter." Rifle to the U.S. general named Thompson, from the U.S. military service began in 1930. [More]
 
  Large diameter shock and awe: M1911A1 pistol
    Lakey M1911A1 pistol with the results of the U.S. troops that were suffered torture the lives of Japanese soldiers. Up to 11.43 mm caliber rifle, the pistol was the most powerful standard. Rifle performance, since the U.S. military special forces will remain as the standard of self-defense weapon. [More]
   Japanese suicide grenade: 97 grenades
    97-type grenade used in World War II in Japan the most best known as a hand grenade, a grenade on behalf of Japan was the highest level. The missile equipment from the Japanese since 1937 until the end of World War II. Play detonated the bomb on Japan with wounded U.S. soldiers die. [More]
 
 
  
  
In the Solomon Islands (including i.) family battle, the U.S. military to be a heavy blow to the Japanese. The picture shows an insert in the Japanese tanks (was destroyed) on the Japanese soldiers have been dried skull, believed to be made by U.S. soldiers. As a series of campaigns including i. are exceptions, including brutal, both officers and men in Japan and the U.S. have a serious abuse complex. This is also confirmed from the side, this series i. fierce battle.
 
    

  
  
August 7th, 1942, U.S. Marines on board i. beach. However, the landing that fighting had not occurred, replaced by unusual calm.
 
    

 
  
August 1942 to 10 months, the marines advancing to the elimination of the Japanese enemy remnants i. inland, it is resting in i. woodland scene, you can see most of them use old-fashioned M1903 rifles.
 
    

 
  
Marines use the 75 mm light howitzer Meng Hong counterattack the Japanese troops, the artillery has been well protected sandbag bunkers. I. U.S. Marine Corps in the Battle of the artillery played a significant role, many Japanese have not rushed into the U.S. position was eliminated, or even the whole supporting the Japanese squadron were also covered the situation.
 
    

 
  
The famous "blood Ridge", the Japanese launch of "Long live the EU" were killed to corpses everywhere. In this battle, U.S. Marines took the cost of only 40 Japanese troops driven back, the Japanese casualties in the 1200.
 
    

 
  
Tai Luna estuary of the war, two M-3 "Stuart" light tank driver in the tank next to the alert. Attention to their hands, M1928A1-style assault rifles. In fact at that time with a wooden detachment until the next morning, the U.S. military has also deployed tanks.
 
    

 
  
November 5, 1942, in the custody battle i. Japanese prisoners of war. Because the Japanese believe in the spirit of Bushido, the Japanese soldiers would rather commit suicide many are reluctant to become prisoners of war, so the U.S. can catch a small number of prisoners.
 
    

 
  
In the "udarnik" Heights were killed in the Japanese soldiers.
 
    

 
  
Side of the Japanese officers and soldiers filled the name of Japan banners, it is estimated that the troops may be the last to be written when launching counterattacks must die in order to stimulate and facilitate future to find the name of the dead.
 
    

 
  
U.S. "Time" magazine shoot color photos when the U.S. i. operations, the U.S. military is showing its captured Japanese flag.
 
    

 
  
"Time" magazine Marines shot the picture in the i. bath fountain. As i. combat speeding train, plus around the lack of "female", and many U.S. non-combat period in respect of bare life altogether.
 
    

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1 is: i. Welcome
Set 2: Prayer and adhere to
Episode 3: Heaven Melbourne
4 Set: Jungle Hell
5 Sets: Tarawa second
 
 
 

6 sets: the high temperature baking
7 sets: hammer Sly Governance
Episode 8: bony Iwo Jima
9 Sets: Okinawa and the Kamikaze
10 sets: the road home
 
 

China this year or the deployment of two Type 093 submarine
Core Tip: Asia-Pacific defense articles recently published report said the following in 2002 launched two 093-class submarines, the Chinese navy will deploy by 2010, the third and fourth units of the submarine. However, present indications are that China is more inclined to upgrade the existing submarines and build "the next 095 submarine." Foreign intelligence estimated that the combat capability of attack submarines than the United Kingdom or France.

 

Data Figure: China's Navy pier parking attack submarine, 093

 

Data for: circulated on the Internet in China 094 strategic nuclear submarines of the picture

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 27 report published by the Asia-Pacific defense report latest developments in the Chinese navy's article, the article said the following in 2002 launched two 093-class submarines, the Chinese navy will deploy by 2010, the third and the fourth ship of the submarine. However, there is no indication that China will build more 093 submarines, and more inclined to upgrade the existing submarines and build "the future of the 095 submarines." Foreign intelligence estimates have a 091G-based South China Sea Fleet, and a 093 attack submarine, the North Sea Fleet has two or three 091G type and a 093 attack submarine, the submarine underwater warfare capability to make China more than Britain or France.

Triggered the global wave of Chinese Navy

Reported in October 2006, the Chinese Song-class submarine to avoid a U.S. "Kitty Hawk" aircraft carrier battle group of frigates, at a distance of "Kitty Hawk" 8 km of sea water surface, and when fashion is in the carrier torpedo within range of attack. Throughout the incident to the Pentagon to heart, and since then, the Chinese Navy began manufacturing in the global crisis. Recently, several Chinese naval development to U.S. military officials frowned, including the deployment of the Navy for the first time to carry out offshore operations.

Although the official U.S. position is hope that the contacts with China and urged China to fully implement enhanced regional security role, it is clear between Washington and Beijing are increasingly forming strategic competition. Previously, the United States focused attention on China on the Taiwan issue, but relations have been developed for more extensive competition. In response, George - Washington aircraft carrier attack group commander, Richard • Wren (Richard Wren) Major General voiced growing alarm the United States: "We encourage China to become a responsible global player. However, China to enhance its the way military people are puzzled ... ... In my view, this means that China wants to build a blue-water naval offensive. "

Reported that on Dec. 26, 2008, the Chinese towards the development of blue water navy has made significant progress: China sent its first contingent troops to support attack by pirates in waters near the Horn of Africa. January 6, 2009, China began to carry out anti-piracy ships escort, Beijing would have great historical significance, it marks the first foray into China several centuries away from its territorial sea area of potential conflict. The reason why the Chinese troops, in response to their threats to maritime lifeline - the majority of oil imports come from the Middle East and North Africa. People's Liberation Army Navy announced that from January to November 2008, the 20% of Chinese merchant ships by Somali pirates have been attacked, in which there are seven merchant ships were hijacked. China sent the first support task force of about 800 crew members and special forces soldiers. From the outset, the Chinese authorities action this knowledge is defined as remote deployment, so in April 2009, Beijing sent a second contingent; the same year in August, also sent a third contingent; currently in Somalia Executive escort mission area is the fourth branch task force sent. In fact, China is sending naval vessels to the region one of the countries to the Gulf of Aden, in addition to Australia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and South Korea.

529 People's Liberation Army convoy formation is sent to the Horn of Africa task force in the third branch. The formation by the 054A missile frigate "Zhoushan," No. (FFG-529) and "Xuzhou" number, and "Qingdao Lake" was supply ships. July 16, 2009, this fleet left port in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, a base, and Wang Zhiguo, deputy commander in the East China Sea Fleet under the command of Major General on July 30 to reach the coast of Somalia at the resident, the formal implementation of the August 1 escort mission. Action in the four-month period, 529 convoy escort formations carried out 53 missions, escort for the 582 Chinese and foreign ships, including 146 in Hong Kong vessels. December 2009, the escort fleet returned from the Gulf of Aden, and in return the way on December 14 -17 days on a brief port visit to Hong Kong. 529 escort formation of two 054A missile frigate captain of the 134 meters, full load displacement of 4,053 tons. At present, four 054A missile frigate deployed, another two are under construction in the state.

Chinese submarine emerged

Reported that the expansion of its sphere of influence, the PLA Navy has not only enhanced its surface fleet, but also expanded the capacity of its submarine fleet and modernization. It is noteworthy that China's submarine fleet has risen to third in the world now. China challenges U.S. maritime superiority and one of the ways is to use the carrier's carrier. However, the November 7, 2008, the U.S. submarine force commander, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Jay - Donnelly (Jay Donnelly) referred to the increasing U.S. Another concern: "China's huge number of ships under construction caused the concern of the outside world, and more importantly, we do not understand the basic principles of China's most action. "Donnelly warned that China is building its naval forces to prevent a third party to intervene in conflicts involving Taiwan, but also respond to this threat, China has also strengthened cooperation with Australia in the area between.

In addition, the growing Chinese submarine in the East China Sea close to Japan's maritime boundary matters, the Tokyo government is also deeply concerned. October 17, 2008, Japan said that the Chinese Han-class and the Song-class submarines trailing the way to Pusan, South Korea's "George - Washington" aircraft. Currently, the U.S. Navy a total of 12 aircraft carriers, including "George - Washington" (in Yokosuka, Japan-based) is the only front-line deployment of a permanent aircraft carrier. Moreover, the United States, the threat perception of the Chinese navy has been reflected - Washington is the 60% raised to the Pacific submarine fleet. When converted, "Oklahoma City" was the final deployment of submarines to Guam, the U.S. 53 fast attack submarines in the 31 missions will be in the Asia Pacific region. U.S. Pacific Fleet submarine commander Douglas - McAneney (Douglas McAneny) Major General in the reference to "Oklahoma City" was, said: "By the most advanced submarines deployed to the front, we will be able to maintain their control of marine base and ability to respond to potential adversaries. "Although McAneney not clear that the potential rival of China, it is clear that he is alluding to China - the United States firmly maintain its excellence in the Asia Pacific area.

China's submarine fleet

Reported that the PLA Navy's submarine simple list of the benefits of the investigation may be useful. Conventional submarines, in 30 years, China has relied on the introduction of the former Soviet Union's outdated 033-type "Romeo" class and the 035G-based "Ming" class submarines. Since then, China has introduced a Russian "Kilo" class attack submarines, and self-designed "Song"-class missile submarine. "Song" class submarines (also known as 039) is a new submarine, which was launched in May 1994, fitted out in 1999. This submarine from Germany's MTU 12V 493 diesel engines to promote its more water-powered propeller blade profile, and 7 means it is more than "that" class and "Romeo" class is more quiet. However, as the class submarines serious design problems, so the Chinese and later introduced the improved version of 039G and 039GI submarine, the first 13 to enter the Navy in late 2001.

Russian "Kilo" class attack submarines into signals that the Chinese Navy's submarine capability in advance fire control and weapons systems, has taken an important step. China's imports from Russia in the third and fourth submarines are new P636 model - it is the world's quietest submarine. The two submarines in 1997 and 1998 delivery, with four "Kilo" class submarine fitted out with the East China Sea Fleet. In 2002, China has ordered eight. China submarine procurement to help the busy designer, who designed the 041-type "element" class submarines. No. 1 041 submarine launched in May 2004, since then China has built two of the submarines, the most recent one was in May 2008 in Wuhan shipyard into the water. Reported that the Chinese "Yuan" class submarines using air-independent propulsion system (AIP), once the model proved successful, mass production will be carried out after.

The article says, The nuclear-powered submarines, China has been the priority in ballistic missile submarines and attack submarines design. Which, in the field of ballistic missile nuclear submarines, the Chinese built a 1981 "Summer" class (Type 092) ballistic missile submarine, the submarine integrated with "waves -1" (JL-1) missile, and in 1988 9 month test-launch. However, the "summer" there is a serious shortage of class submarines, will be modified only spent three years. Now, again the class submarine entered service, its equipped with "waves -1" submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), the missile range of 2,000 km, and "Summer" class submarines are ballistic missile submarines of the Chinese Navy's test platform project . Later, the "Summer" class submarines were improved 094 "Gem" class ballistic missile submarines replaced, "Jin" class submarine was first launched in 2004. It is believed that the current second and even third ship, "Jin" class has been fitted out in the Chinese navy. It is estimated that China may be the construction of a total of 5 094 "Jin" class submarines, each carrying 12 submarine were "waves -2" submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

Attack submarines in the area of 091 type "Han" class submarine is the first generation of attack submarines, which entered service in 1974. However, in China's five "Han" class submarines are serious enough, after they have been upgraded to a 091G-type submarine. Later, the "Han" class submarines will be 093, "Business" class attack submarines replaced. Since 2002, China has launched the two "business" class attack submarines, and the third and fourth ship of the class submarines are expected to be fitted out in 2010. Adopted by the Russian submarine design is essentially two-body and 636 "Kilo" class submarines the same. However, the 093-type "business" class and not much innovation, but does not seem equipped with vertical missile launcher, which means that all weapons will be fired through torpedo launch tube. Furthermore, the "business" class submarines Although anechoic tile installed, and much longer than in 091G submarine, but it still lags behind the West and Russia's submarine design. Although commentators said the Chinese could produce four to eight 093-type submarines, but there is no indication that China will produce more "commercial" class submarines. Alternatively, China may upgrade the existing two "business" class submarines, and in the future to prepare for the construction of 095-type submarines.

The latest development of China's submarine fleet

Reported that China is currently building a credible submarine force to respond to potential threats - particularly the threat from the United States and Japan, as well as possible threats to Australia's support. To achieve this goal, China has been to 2.5 in / year rate of production of submarines, and also uses the most modern design. The end of 2007, the Chinese ballistic missile submarine sailed Hainan Island, 094; It is estimated that in April 2008, before the submarine in the South China Sea may be a series of deep dive and torpedo tests. Moreover, in view of Type 092 submarine from the sea and try to launch the "waves -1" missile with nearly 5 years, therefore, from the 094 submarine sea trial to the "waves -2" in use at least need to spend with this very time. This can be inferred, the Chinese side not to "waves -2" with the 094-type submarines. The U.S. intelligence community estimates that, "waves -2" Submarine-launched ballistic missiles with a range of more than 8000 km, the equivalent single warheads 250-1000 1000 tons, making China's own submarine in its territorial waters can missiles hit Alaska and Hawaii. However, to make "waves -2" missiles hit the continental United States, then China's "Gem" class ballistic missile submarine would have slipped out of the Sea of Japan.

Until recently, most of the PLA Navy's submarine ballistic missile submarines and attack the island base in the North Sea Fleet square outside the action, but Beijing has hands Yulin on Hainan Island in South China Sea, the construction of a new underwater submarine base. From this base, China's entry into the JL-2 missile submarines could hit Guam, India, and most parts of Russia. Chinese submarine that greatly extends the geographical distribution of the PLA Navy's area of operation. Moreover, if China built five submarines cut, then Beijing has almost continuous sea-based Bianqiang deterrence. However, if the cut is less than five the number of submarines, then China can only be through its ballistic missile nuclear submarines, to maintain its basic operational capabilities. Intelligence, the South China Sea Fleet has a 091G type 093 submarines and a submarine, the North Sea Fleet has two or three submarines and a 091G-based 093-type submarines. It is estimated that a total of five nuclear submarines will be given to the Chinese than the British or the French submarine force. South China Sea Fleet submarines within a 093 can also support the future of the PLA Navy aircraft carrier.

Strategic significance

Obviously, China has become the blue-water naval ambitions. With the rapid development of Chinese economy, China's dependence on imported energy and raw materials are increasing. Given 50% of the Chinese economy from foreign trade, among which 90% depend on sea transport, so to ensure the safety of sea lines of communication critical to the maintenance of national interests. At present, China is the Bohai Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea coast of the continental shelf oil and gas, but its also has a large fishing fleet, is the world's largest seafood suppliers. In the end, China's economic transformation will change its security needs.

Reported that the Strait of Malacca connects the Indian Ocean because of the Middle East (oil is rich in minerals) and the main gateway to China, it is very significant for China. There are more than 50,000 vessels a year between the Straits of Malacca, once blocked, then the vessel will have around half the globe to the delivery of goods. China, of course worried about the outbreak of conflict in the United States will blockade the Strait as an excuse, so to build a strong submarine force on the containment of this threat is very useful.

However, the reliability of China's submarine fleet is another issue of concern in the outside world. According to the U.S. Navy intelligence, the PLA about 55 submarines, in 2007 only made 6 patrols (U.S. Navy referred to "patrol" is far from the home port of maritime navigation). 0 from 2005 to 2006, 2 patrols, although the frequency has increased, but still reflects the shortage of Chinese naval maneuver. In contrast, the U.S. Navy conducted 100 patrols each year. In 2007, China has no strategic missile nuclear submarines sailing records, which show that China's strategic missile nuclear submarine deterrent patrols to zero. Needs to be emphasized that the key to China's coastal defense submarines, the U.S. submarine is mainly used for front-line deployment. For China's submarine fleet for only 6 times a year patrolling the large-scale growth of the combat experience of the crew. If China plans to increase the range and impact of the submarine force, then its bound to increase patrols in the next few years the number. To date, China's modernization process and did not increase the number of military operations, while aspects of the use of submarine warfare in China still lack a lot of experience.

U.S. Navy nuclear submarine fleet commander for Jay - Donnelly's remarks about the China threat, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman said China is seeking peaceful development road, Hong Kong Institute of Chinese military affairs researcher Zhang Rui (voice) to China and the U.S. submarine metaphor of high school students and postdoctoral fellows. Asked whether the United States need to worry about China's submarine fleet, the Zhang Rui said: "need. Because China is a high school student, not students. Even high school students, if attacked you, or feel pain."

Report concluded that, at present, China's surface ships and submarines in the quantity and quality of a qualitative leap, to break the naval balance of power situation in Asia. U.S. is serious about this event. Asian waters is being performed and the sensitive diplomatic and military version of "cat and mouse", the United States and its allies are trying to collect and record of the Chinese Navy ships sonar signals. March 2009, when China's civil ship harassment in the South China Sea, "no time" was the time between the Sino-US tensions rose to the hostile situation. When asked whether the United States will continue activities in the area, the U.S. Seventh Fleet Commander Kevin combat troops - Dunnigan Major General, said: "Of course, we will continue in international waters, we will continue to be allowed in waters within the activities. In this case, one can only expect this kind of "experience" will enhance mutual understanding.
 

Development of China's fourth generation machine will soon end and small-scale test
Core Tip: recent Hong Kong media that China will complete the development of fourth-generation fighters, "will first conduct an internal small-scale test," Currently, the Air Force is stepping up the relevant driver training. Hong Kong media said, to meet the new generation of fighters, the Chinese already underway to intensify the training of new fighter pilots. J -10, including demonstration team has to the famous 24th Air Force Division.

 

Published in foreign media about China's new fighters to imagine the future plans.

 

November 8, 2009 evening broadcast on CCTV's news channel, "Face to Face" program, how proud the Chinese Air Force deputy commander said, made the fourth-generation fighter is in the process of intense development, the upcoming first flight.

Global Times on April 27 in Hong Kong media reported recently that China will complete the development of fourth-generation fighters, "will first conduct an internal small-scale test," Currently, the Air Force is stepping up the relevant driver training.

"Hong Kong Commercial Daily" Web site published on April 14, entitled "Research into the fourth generation of fighters may soon rival F-22 military pilots already trained," the article, the paper said, China's fourth-generation fighters will soon be exposed open mystery, sources said, after years of development, "has entered the harvest stage, China will first conduct an internal small-scale flight test."

Hong Kong media said, to meet the new generation of fighters, the Chinese already underway to intensify the training of new fighter pilots. Including the team has to perform the famous J -10 Air Force's 24th Division, "mainly for the performance of a number of different training routine practice."

Hong Kong media quoted a military officer as saying, "I absolutely believe that our national aviation industry's strength, for we developed the better the fighter!" For the current ability to meet the strength to deal with F-22, the officer with "soldiers Lai will retain water to soil cover, "answered.

The article also mentioned that as early as late last year, China's air force deputy commander proud to reveal what, the fourth-generation fighters will conduct its first flight, followed immediately into the test phase, according to the existing situation in 8 to 10 years can be deployed in the army.

"Hong Kong Commercial Daily" also referred to sources, the fourth-generation fighters advantage over third-generation technology presents an unprecedented generation gap is comparable to the US-made F-22, with stealth, supersonic cruise, super maneuverability, short take-off and other characteristics. This machine came out, will greatly enhance China's air power, narrow the distance between America and Europe.
 

Core Tip: U.S. National Public Radio Web site on April 22 issued a report entitled "China's efforts to improve the air force," the article. The article said China is stepping up in the middle of this century to achieve military modernization. A key to this effort is to reduce the size of the army, while strengthening sea and air forces. This could make China's military influence overseas to further expand.

 

The article said the Chinese army in the army now account for 60%.

 

The article said China's self-made F-10 fighter is almost comparable to F-16.

 

In recent years the Chinese Navy ships equipped with a number of new main.

Xinhua reported on April 27 National Public Radio Web site on April 22 issued a report entitled "China's efforts to improve the air force," the article. The article said China is stepping up in the middle of this century to achieve military modernization. A key to this effort is to reduce the size of the army, while strengthening sea and air forces. This could make China's military influence overseas to further expand.

To demonstrate the transparency of this process, China's recent foreign military attaches and reporters to the China Open in Beijing Yangcun near military bases. To show visitors the Chinese Air Force jet fighter here, where J -10 is China's own-made fighter planes, almost with the U.S. F-16 match.

Chinese Air Force and Navy over the past 20 years thanks to double-digit growth in defense spending. As the air force and navy equipment more expensive than the Army, so they get the defense budget share more than ever before.

Emphasize air and sea power is a historical trend. Over the past century and a half. China has shifted attention from the local coast. The International Bureau of Asian Research, Washington, Deputy Luoyikanpu Howson said the collapse of the Soviet Union accelerated the process of China's military modernization.

He said: "Once you have completed this task, China has been facing the threat of the North and the West would not exist. This is China's economic growth and more open attitude coincides in turn requires a comprehensive strengthening of military power."

In order to strengthen air and naval power, China needs to reduce the size of their armies. Xuguang Yu is the People's Liberation Army, a retired general now serving in the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association. He pointed out that, in order to establish a relatively modern army, the Chinese military personnel who each year spend about 10 million, while current spending is only 3 million. Japan's expenditure is 200 thousand U.S. dollars per capita, the United States is 40 million.

He said: "If our annual defense spending will increase by 8%, the number of our troops reduced from 2.3 million to 1.5 million, we can achieve in 2019 the per capita military spending 100,000 U.S. dollars of the goal."

He pointed out that China's total military spending in the world after the United States, but very low per capita level. This statement is similar to China's another way of saying that although China ranks third in the world economy as a whole, but per capita is still low.

It is reported that China's defense budget will be the first time in 20 years - digit growth, basically flat growth rate of gross domestic product. Xu Guangyu explained that the cause of this situation in part because of the recession and partly because China's military development is counter to invest too much blame. He said China's current composition is 60% of the armed forces the Army, Navy, 20% and 20% air.

He said. China could be scaled down to 50% of the Army, Navy and Air Force were to expand to 25% to achieve military modernization. Xu Guangyu pointed out that China expand air and sea forces, demand is limited, so do not change this ratio 40-30-30.

He said: "The Chinese army will continue as the main combat forces. Our air and sea military forces will be used mainly for strengthening the army's combat efficiency."

Camphausen said China will invest at present little used in the construction of overseas military and logistic bases, and these are the Chinese use of force can be extended to the global backbone.

He said: "I think China does not value it. So. Not as a priority, the Chinese Air Force is now able to involve the region may still be close to the national airspace."

Camphausen, said analysts also because of China's military development has been encouraged, because China can now assume more responsibility for international operations, such as the Gulf of Aden to escort operations. However, analysts also worried because the new purchases of weapons and might one day aim at the U.S. military conflict in the Taiwan Strait.
 

China A200-type rockets appeared comparable precision cruise missile
Core Tip: The 12th Asian Defense Exhibition in Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur on the 19th International Convention and Exhibition Center. China on display in the show a variety of weapons, including the latest debut of the A200 rocket weapons systems. Alleged that the system error within 200 km range does not exceed 10 meters in the international market is quite competitive.

 

A200 rocket weapon system in the range of 200 km within the error does not exceed 10 meters, has reached the level of precision missile areas.

 

The International Defense Exhibition 2010, Malaysia, China has the variety of new weapons and exhibitors, including the FN-6, KS-1A anti-aircraft missiles, C-704, C-602, C-802A anti-ship missiles.

 

Exhibition of Chinese enterprises FN-6 anti-aircraft missiles.

Xinhua reported on April 27 the 12th Asian Defense Exhibition in Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur on the 19th International Convention and Exhibition Center. From over 40 countries and regions, more than 700 exhibitors showcasing their own defense and security of the latest technology products.

The four-day exhibition covers from the United States, Britain, France, Russia, Germany, China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Brazil and South Africa more than 40 countries and regions, products and technologies, including the French Thales Group British BAE Systems, Boeing, Northrop Grumman United States, Russia, Rosoboronexport and the European aerospace and defense companies, world-class arms giant.

This exhibition exhibits both missile defense and launchers, space, satellites, aircraft, tanks and other high-end large-scale equipment of modern warfare common model, there are all kinds of small arms, ammunition and other small equipment and protective devices. Some exhibitors will open tanks and in-kind to the venue for visitors to test ride.

National Defense Industry Office organized five Chinese military companies displaying the latest technologies, including the China Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation, China Shipbuilding Trading Company, China Light and Power Technology Co., Ltd., China Jing An Import & Export Corporation and the aerospace Long International Trading Co., Ltd.. China Pavilion is 272 square meters of exhibition area, displaying pictures and model boats, missiles, unmanned aerial vehicles, precision-guided bombs, guns, radar, reconnaissance, communications, command system and other military equipment, and the current world-wide attention to the Police Equipment.

Aerospace company export manager Yangyun Li Long, said, this exhibition brings the company's homegrown UAV, missile weapons systems and rocket weapons systems and other technologies and models, including the A200 on display in the 200 Rocket Launcher System kilometers within the error range of less than 10 meters is quite competitive in the international market.

The exhibition also arranged a number of international defense seminars and field field medical first aid demonstration and other activities.

Asian Defense Exhibition in Malaysia began in 1988, every two years, has become an important region and the world one of the defense Zhanqia Hui.
 

Core Tip: Recently, the "Chinese Defense Review" reported that the SAC in October last year, completed the first flight test aircraft type J -15 prototype production, starting from November the Shenyang Aircraft Factory was folding retractable wing and other experiments. Sources said that the plane was the pilot in the Soviet -33 basis T-10K aircraft from imitation, is awaiting test.

 

Data Figure: User display is known as the Chinese J-15 carrier aircraft model, Su-33 is very similar to the shape and the Chinese Su-33 may be imitation.

 

Data for: located in the center Yanliang Ski Jump off flight test platform

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 26 reported that the West about China's aircraft carrier and carrier aircraft guess newspapers are frequent, most recently, the "Chinese Defense Review" reported that China has already produced the first aircraft named "J -15" The carrier-based fighter is waiting for a flight test work.

Han and said that Western news that SAC in October last year, completed the first flight test aircraft type J -15 prototype production, starting from November the Shenyang Aircraft Factory was folded wing flaps and other experiments. Sources said that the plane was the pilot in the Soviet -33 basis T-10K aircraft from imitation, is awaiting test.

Han and articles mentioned in the Shenyang plant in the folding wings, shaped much like the prototype Su -33, some Western military attaches had been mistaken for that aircraft from the Ukraine received the No. T-10K 03, however, Han and determined that the yellow skin of the aircraft and aircraft have used the "F -15" name, but also from students in China, plans to test 2010. This is so quick to be able to copy the Soviet -33, due to China from the Ukraine was the Soviet Union and -33 prototype. "From several experimental situation, the technical wing folding problem has been solved."

The article said that the problem now is test. Traditionally, aircraft flight test should be carried out first in the factory, and is the Air Force test pilot plant origin, there has never been factory belongs to the Navy test pilot. Subsequently, the new fighter will be sent to a base Yanliang flight, so the Navy needs to build their own test centers and develop their own fighter test pilot. The Navy's flight test center is under construction plans, so F -15 to test, is a problem.

Article concludes that China's aircraft carrier will use the Chinese version of Su-do -33. The J-shape with the Soviet -33 -15 basic shape is very similar. The article mentioned that in four years ago, had been raised in the CAC on the basis of J -10 into double fighter aircraft as the future vision of China's aircraft carrier, but has not been implemented.

Han and also speculated that the development speed of J -15 should be able to keep up with the aircraft carrier construction standards, such imports from Russia Soviet -33 questions are not necessary. And the carrier-based aircraft engine problems, the article referred to "Taihang" engine is an option, but the use and reliability in the material, and the United States and Russia still lagging behind.
 

Core Tip: This year in March, Chinese officials told the two U.S. government officials, Beijing will not tolerate any country interfering in the South China Sea, U.S. analysts believe that China's attitude that the South China Sea has become China's "core interests" part, this is the first time called the core interests of the South China Sea, the Taiwan and Tibet shall be placed with the same level.

 

Data Figure: Sanya, South China Sea Fleet from bases in outside often to see the Chinese navy's nuclear submarines moored at the pier

 

Data Figure: China occurred in the first half of 2009, the U.S. Navy vessel containment "perfection" was an event surveillance ship

Global Times - World Wide Web on April 26 reported the New York Times on April 23 reported that the construction of China's underground submarine base on Hainan Island to the PLA Navy to quickly arrive at 20 minutes and the entire South China Sea, deep-sea areas.

Reported that the military and analysts say that the Chinese military is seeking the coastal areas outside its maritime power projection, including the oil from the Middle East port to the Pacific shipping lanes and other waters, while the war in these waters has always occupy the dominant position of that the U.S. Navy. China will this new strategy called "offshore defense" and its ability to build long-range speed is so foreign military officials shock.

"Offshore defense" strategy to break the PLA's preparations for war or defense of Taiwan coastal areas of traditional military theory. Now, the merchant is critical to China's economic development, the Chinese General expressed the hope that their warships from the waters of the Persian Gulf to the Malacca Strait to China to escort merchant ships to help protect China's resource-rich East China Sea and South China Sea interests.

By the end of March, two Chinese warships to visit Abu Dhabi, which is the modern Chinese navy's first visit to the Middle East ports, reflecting the interests of China and overseas to protect the self-confidence and willingness is growing. Recent frequency of violent friction with the United States also showed China's maritime ambitions: China policy, according to a senior U.S. official said Chinese officials had privately told U.S. officials in March said it can not sit idly by foreign forces to interfere in the South China Sea.

However, the report pointed out that the expansion of Chinese naval forces in the near future does not make it into the U.S. maritime hegemony in the arena, but there is no sign that China is now the United States and other countries have aggressive intentions. However, as the world's leading exporting and importing oil and other natural resources, China is no longer content with their trust in the U.S. security guarantees on the sea lines of communication, but also with China's core interests strengthen its economic influence growing.

Robert Willard, commander of U.S. Pacific Command, Admiral by the end of March, said in congressional testimony, recently China's military development as "very impressive", China has already tested for anti-aircraft carrier-range ballistic missiles. Moreover, after years of denial, China's official recognition of its intention to deploy a carrier battle group within a few years.

Willard will also said that China is still building complex submarine fleet, once the conflict in the region, China could stop foreign naval vessels into its strategic waters. He said: "China's military modernization is clearly aimed at challenging our freedom of action in the region, some of the most worthy of attention."

Reported on the South China Sea in southern Hainan Island, first-class Beach Resort - Yalong Bay, it precisely in this new underwater submarine base in the west. The base of the Chinese submarine can quickly arrive within 20 minutes and the entire South China Sea, deep-sea areas - where some of the world's busiest air routes, and oil and gas-rich region, and these regions have always been the territory of China and other Asian countries the focus of the dispute.

In response, National University of Singapore Chinese military expert Wong Jing (phonetic) said: "This not only led to the concern of U.S. commanders, but also attracted the attention of state officials in Southeast Asia - these countries buy more submarines have been clandestine, missiles and other weapons. We have been in a state of self-deception. We thought the Chinese more than 20 years behind us, but suddenly realized that China is catching up. "

In addition, China has also put pressure on the United States to force Washington pay attention to their actions in the Asia Pacific region. In this regard, a charge of China policy, U.S. officials said in March this year, Chinese officials have told two senior government officials to visit China Obama - Jeffrey - Bard and James - Steinberg - the Beijing government will not tolerate any country interfering in the South China Sea, it is because the current of the sea has become China's sovereignty "core interest" part. The official pointed out that this is the first time the South China Sea as its core interests, and leaving with the Taiwan and Tibet on the same level.

The official said the Chinese navy to another part of the new strategy is to expand its activities outside of the South China Sea and the Philippines, the scope of the "second island chain" (that is, the rocks and coral in the Pacific Islands) extension. Sovereignty over the region, the region overlapping with the U.S. Navy.

Japan is also very worried. Japan's Defense Minister Kitazawa handsome mid-April, said two Chinese destroyers, submarines, and 8 through 10, two Japanese islands into the Pacific Ocean, this is the first found near coastal areas in Japan such a large Chinese fleet. Kitazawa handsome said, when two Japanese destroyers to track and monitor fleets in China when a Chinese destroyer helicopter flying near one of them, the distance within the range of 300 feet.

Reported that since December 2008, China has maintained three ships in Gulf of Aden in international anti-piracy action, this is the first time the Chinese navy were deployed in the Pacific Ocean beyond. Analysts believe that China's anti-piracy task can improve the Navy's ocean-going capabilities.

According to a 2009 Pentagon report estimated that the Chinese Navy has 260 warships, including 75 "major warships," and more than 60 submarines. The report mentioned that China intends to build an aircraft carrier, said that China "still interested" was carrier-based aircraft from Russia. The U.S. Navy, its own 286 ships, 3,700 aircraft at sea, and compared with the Chinese naval vessels, U.S. Navy warships are better.

Reported that the Pentagon has not classified the enemy will be in China for a class. However, according to retired U.S. Navy officer, Bernard D · Washington National War College Dr. Cole said that the recent U.S. submarines from the Atlantic will be transferred to the Pacific, causing the majority of nuclear-powered attack submarines were deployed to the Pacific Ocean on the outcome of China's military power This growth is part of the reason the United States. Kohl also said the United States began to deploy in the rotation outside of Guam 3-4 submarines, with the resumption of the Cold War and the end of this practice.

American vessels frequently reconnaissance submarine base on Hainan Island, causing the occasional friction with the Chinese ships. According to Pentagon officials said the surveillance activities of the United States last year to ship "Impeccable" harassment by the Chinese fishing vessels; the Chinese government claimed that its right to block the surveillance of these waters, because they are China's "exclusive economic zone." The United States and China have different definitions of exclusive economic zone, the United States that international law only allows the exclusive economic zone of coastal countries, including the right to retain business, and China is that the coastal state can be controlled in any activities within the exclusive economic zone.

Chinese military leaders have always claimed that the Chinese navy is purely self-defensive military, but the two Chinese generals in March this year that the definition of self-defense has been expanded to include a wide range of maritime and economic interests. East China Sea Fleet Deputy Commander Major General Zhang Huachen, said in an interview with the People's Liberation Army Navy change of strategy, the Navy is developing the armed forces from the coastal defensive defensive force for the ocean. He added that the expansion of economic interests with China, the PLA hopes to better protect China's major transport routes and sea lines of communication security. To achieve this goal, the PLA Navy's need for the development of large vessels, and to develop a more comprehensive ability.

Cole said, the Navy accounts for one third of China's military more than the total budget, "this shows that Beijing will put the Navy's first national security apparatus." Announced in 2010, China's official military budget of 780 million, but the Pentagon said that China's spending is much larger than this. Last year, the Pentagon estimated that China's military expenditure was 105 billion U.S. dollars total, but still less than the U.S. national defense spending is much more. In contrast, the Obama administration next year, the Pentagon's proposed budget for basic activities of 548.9 billion U.S. dollars.

According to Singapore and scholars in Beijing, said Huang, the Chinese navy's most significant growth in its submarine fleet. China has recently built at least two "Jin" class submarines, is China's first submarine with ballistic missile capabilities, plus two under construction. Recently, two "business" class nuclear attack submarines in service.

Australian Defence Carlyle A · Thayer School professor, said in response, has launched the Asia-Pacific region corresponding purchases. Last year in December, Vietnam and Russia signed an arms deal, including the six "Kilo" class submarines, which will enable Vietnam to become Southeast Asia's most powerful submarine fleet. Last year, Malaysia delivered the first two submarines, one of them ordered from France, Singapore, Sweden, purchased from the two "shooters" in a class submarines began to run.

Last fall, former Singapore leader Lee Kuan Yew's speech in Washington reflected his anxiety, he mentioned the rise of China's navy, and urged the U.S. to maintain its regional military. He said: "America's core interests require it to maintain the advantage in the Pacific, to abandon this position would weaken the U.S. role in the world."

Core Tip: 95% Obama government will relax restrictions on exports and 5% to strengthen the management of key materials and technology, these multi-and military-related exports. Li Daguang Chinese military experts said the United States this reform can be summarized as "a loose-tight", China introduced the possibility of sensitive equipment and technology still is not.

 

Data Figure: To prevent technology drain, the U.S. Congress banned the export of F-22 production led to the determination of rare F-22 production line completely shut down.

Global Times reported on April 26 from 22, according to Voice of America reported that 95% of the Obama administration to relax restrictions on exports and 5% to strengthen the management of key materials and technology, these multi-and military-related exports. Li Daguang Chinese military experts said the United States this reform can be summarized as "a loose-tight", China introduced the possibility of sensitive equipment and technology still is not.

According to reports, the U.S. export control system is based on two restriction list are the United States Munitions List and the U.S. Department of Commerce export control export control lists. The former by the Pentagon according to "International Traffic in Arms Regulations," management, including technical information from the firearms and ammunition to the 20 major categories such as materials, which according to the Ministry of Commerce, "Export Administration Regulations" management, consists of nuclear materials, computers, etc. 9, large class, focusing on dual-use technology. In addition, there are three branches of the U.S. government is responsible for audit-related inventory, issuing export licenses.

According to White House briefing, the U.S. government's export restrictions reform will relax restrictions on exports of 95%, but will strengthen the remaining 5% of the key materials and technology management. Reform goal is to merge the two lists into one, and the abolition of the export license issuing authority unnecessary. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates to the existing export system described as "old as complex as the Byzantine Empire", promises reform to provide better equipment for the allies.

U.S. arms export controls tight, some allies were not spared. In 2006 the U.S. Congress passed the ban on the export F-22 fighter bill, making Israel, Japan and other countries hard to become a buyer. Some nuts, bolts and other low-tech products for military equipment and related export restrictions are also included in the list. This year in January, the U.S. lobby group of 19 dealers stepped up activities in politics, hoping to relax arms export policy. They believe that strict export restrictions are not effective to keep U.S. dominance, but will cut off sources of revenue, because the context of global spread of technology, customers will turn to buy alternative products from other countries.

China is the main objective of U.S. export controls, in recent years, the gradual strengthening of control. In 1998, the U.S. satellite technology to the control list, specifically control of China. June 2007, the United States revised the policy on exports to China, including aircraft and aircraft engines, navigation systems, lasers, optical fibers, depleted uranium, etc. were included in the control. Li Daguang 22 Chinese military experts told the "Global Times" reporter that the United States was the main purpose of the reform is to enhance the U.S. military industry's international competitiveness, although the relaxation of the "fair average quality" of exports, but the strengthening of key projects control, China is still difficult to import sensitive American equipment and technology.
 

Core Tip: Japan's "strategy of seabed resources and energy to ensure that" content on the 25th surface. Under the strategy, Japan will be "Japan-China median line" between the East China Sea, Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands Izu Peninsula to the Pacific waters contain many rare metals started investigating the "submarine hydrothermal deposits" and strive to 2020 target to achieve the industrialization of rare metals.
 Information Map: black solid line shall be claimed by Japan, "Japan-China median line (EEZ)". Black dashed lines are the median line advocated by China, namely overlap between the two sides dispute over sovereignty of the waters there. Global Times - World Wide Web on April 26 reported that, according to Kyodo, the Japanese government headquarters in aggregate integrated marine policy "to ensure the strategic energy resources of the seabed," the contents of the 25 surface. Under the strategy, Japan and China in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) boundaries of the "Japan-China median line" between the East China Sea, Ryukyu Islands, Ogasawara Islands Izu Peninsula to the Pacific waters contain many rare metals started investigating the "submarine water deposits, "and strive to achieve the objective of Rare 2020's industrialization. This is to maximize the use of the world's 6th largest area of Japan EEZ, open access, "marine power" of the road. The fastest in June the government decided to write the contents of a new development strategy. Reported that China advocates have the Diaoyu Islands (Senkaku Islands in Japan, said) the sovereignty, does not recognize the "Japan-China median line." Rare Japanese in the realization of the process of industrialization will be friction with China. The deposition of the hydrothermal deposits such as thermal energy through the lava emitted from the ground of gold, copper, zinc and rare metals and other resources. Exploration target area of 340,000 square kilometers area, including exploration in the Diaoyu Islands by 2015 and Hachijo Island, off northeastern South China Sea, by the end of 2020 before the exploration of other waters. To be called "combustible ice", the new fossil fuel methane hydrate, the strategy to achieve industry for 20 years as the objective, in addition to the distribution of the four countries in focus, Kii Peninsula area, it will also start exploration in the Sea of Japan. Strategy, also proposed in Japan around the easternmost of the South Bird Island for exploration, looking for negative cobalt the "crust." For the exploration of resources, the Japanese government to promote technology development, support and strengthen the related industries. In addition, support will also begin construction of liquefied natural gas marine production base, improve access to resources, international competitiveness. Ensure that the seabed resources of energy known as the "target countries after 20 years of marine growth strategy," one of the elements. Japanese Prime Minister's official residence, said sources to achieve this strategic "needs sizeable budget" to ensure that financial resources has become an important issue.
Kyodo reported that a small number of rare metal resources, and some species even more difficult to quantity production. Types, including chromium, cobalt, platinum and other 30 species. Rare essential in the manufacture of high-tech products, is also widely used in automobiles, home appliances and industrial machinery. Emerging markets such as China and India, rapid economic growth in the country led to rare metals prices. Concentration of rare metals on land in China, Russia and Africa. Rare seabed is considered widespread in Japan's coastal waters. The Japanese Government is promoting relevant research and technology development to realize the industrialization of rare metals. Related Links seafloor hydrothermal deposits and submarine hydrothermal vent deposits are related to a multi-metal sulfide deposits. Department of seawater intrusion depth of 2,000 to 3,000 meters of underground cracks, deep crustal heat source is heated, dissolved a variety of metal compounds within the crust, and then emitted from the ocean floor and met a cold sea water and condensing the resulting precipitate. Also known as "multi-metal ooze" or "hydrothermal metallic mud." Containing copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron, gold, silver and other metals.

Core Tip: Jane's Defense Weekly said, although the United States asked China to support its allies against Iran, the new round of tough economic sanctions, but this March, China launched a missile at Iran's program to help Iran set up the missile factory, producing C -704 anti-ship missiles.

 

Data Figure: Chinese C-704 anti-ship missile exports

 

Data Figure: Iran shows the "victory -1" anti-ship missile

LONDON April 26 reported that the U.S. Associated Press reported 23, according to Jane's Defense Weekly said, although the United States and its allies repeatedly put pressure on China to urge the Chinese to support the implementation of a new round of Iran's harsh economic sanctions, but this year 3 month, the Beijing government, or in Iran launched a missile program, and to help Iran set up the missile factory, producing C-704 anti-ship missiles.

Reported the establishment of China-Iran military relationship can be traced back 20 years ago, when the Russian reluctance to provide Iran with advanced air defense missile systems to guard against possible air attack from the United States or Israel, then Iran Bianxiang China for help. Now, military relations between the two countries still continue to expand.

According to "Jane's Air-launched weapons," said Editor Robert Hewson said the Iranian charge with installation and production of domestic "victory -1" anti-ship missile factory on March 7 this year in operation.

Hewson said that Iran's "victory" and China's C-704 anti-ship missiles the same. In fact, since the 20th century, since the early 90s, the rapid development of Iran's defense industry (most of which are controlled by the Islamic Revolutionary Guards) sector, have been designed in the production of the Chinese C-801 anti-ship missiles, etc..

Reported, C-704 anti-ship missiles developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Group, which in displacement 1000-4000 tons of ships to attack targets, and the U.S. AGM-119 "Penguin" anti-ship missiles of the same level. C-704 anti-ship missiles with a range of 106 miles (Editor's note: sic), warhead weighs 240 pounds, hit rate is 95.7%.

Reports that Iran has even developed an improved type of missile, such as "light" (Iranian language: Noor) missile, which is the C-802 upgrade version. "Light" range missiles farther than the C-802, and with the visualization capabilities. Period in the development of the missile, Iran may get help from China.

Hewson said that in practice, "in the development of C-802 missiles, Iran went further than China. The Iranians to this previous land-launched and ship-launched missiles based on developed a helicopter by m -17 and high-speed jet mounted air-launched version of the missile. "

Reported that over the years, Iran has been the basis of China-related weapons, developed a series of anti-ship missile system, so that the regular Iranian navy and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards navy with a very large extent, control of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea capacity. The event of a conflict here that might attack the United States Navy land.

24, Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps in the Strait of Hormuz at the annual three-day "Great Prophet" military exercises over - the Strait of Hormuz is the gateway to the Persian Gulf exports, and is a major source of energy arteries - - The exercise showed that Iran ignored the United States.

"Victory" is a medium-range missiles from ships or shore batteries fired. In Iran for a possible attack on the army to prepare the case, the Tehran government announced its planned missile which amount. According to Hewson said the model number which follow-up of missiles being developed, including air-launched version of the missile.

Hewson added that in Iran there are also other co-tactical missile programs, China has demonstrated several design agencies, "only for export" of weapons systems - such as C-705 cruise missile light. "The relationship between the two countries is very strong, it is easy to understand why China is willing to help the West to impose sanctions on Iran."

China needs energy to accelerate their economic growth, about 12% of its oil imports from Iran are also efforts to get Iran by land natural gas pipeline - which is the United Nations sanctions against Iran, another reason for poor response.

Hewson said that while hard-liners in Iran's defense minister 艾哈迈德瓦 Xidizhunjiang Nasr chaired the opening ceremony of the factory did not see China's envoy, but the incident is still marked "two ongoing military / another milestone in industrial cooperation. "

Hewson noted that the difference with Russia, China "successful they actually need to provide Iran with the technology and capacity, not those non-essential." Currently, China has gained influence in Tehran and then to make it successfully access to natural resources from Iran. "

Although the system of Chinese origin to Iran's missile technology provides a valuable, but little on the development of ballistic missile capability to help. Hewson concluded: "Although Iran's strategic weapons can only be (eventually) to involvement with the United States in the battle doomed to failure, but its tactical weapons have been in a more practical way to change the regional balance of forces."

April 24, is the first artificial Earth satellite - "East is Red" at the 40th anniversary of the successful launch of the Chinese Academy of Space Technology President Yang Baohua said the media: this year we will have a dozen spacecraft into space ; in 2011 and 2012 is expected to heaven will be more than 20 spacecraft in the next 15 years to reach the world advanced level, promote comprehensive development of China's space industry

"Outlook" magazine on April 26 reported on April 24, is the first artificial Earth satellite - "East is Red" on the 1st anniversary of the successful launch of 40. "Outlook" Newsweek reporters Ti Qianzou and Jin Liao year development of the "East is Red" at the Fifth Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation - China Academy of Space Technology. The former can be traced back to "the fifth Department of Defense Research Institute," China's space research center spacecraft is now moving from a traditional scientific research and production sector to large space transformation of the Commonwealth.

Interview, "Outlook," Newsweek reporters Huo Zhunjin and Ru Kongjian Technology Research Institute, Laboratory of manned space flight in general visit the Department of AIT. "Simply put, AIT Laboratories is an integrated assembly and testing plant." Accompanying interview with correspondents of machinery in general, research director Gang said: "The satellite, spacecraft and space laboratories, single spacecraft, components will be transported there, to final assembly and integration and acceptance testing. "

This is an unusual plant, entering through the duty to be armed before the first inspection documents; Secondly, it must put on special white clothes and hats, put on shoe covers; again, the wind must also be poured into the induction area, dust static.

In this series of strict procedures, the correspondents into a group of more than 20 meters from the large-scale plant consisting of AIT Laboratories, white walls, blue curtains, no noise, and noisy, spotless. "This is divided into several regions, different manned spacecraft in final assembly and integration of their respective regions, and finally into the test area for various tests." Gang, said.

Follow the instructions on the arrow to move the floor next thing you see is entrusted with the Chinese vision of the infinite, "Temple One" - China's first space laboratory, in this big guy around, many technicians are hectic work forward.

In the next area, a total of five of the assembly electrical test platform, the ten-meter-high "on the 8th Shenzhou" spacecraft, like the beginning of final assembly and integration are also here. Gang said: "In the final assembly and integration work done, we will carry out various projects in conjunction with other departments test."

"Not just 'Temple on the 1st' and 'Shenzhou VIII', the existing 35 general hospital division, commander, were responsible for more than 40 spacecraft projects. This year, we will have a dozen spacecraft into space; in 2011 and 2012, the spacecraft is expected to heaven will more than 20. "visit the Department of AIT Laboratories in general, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology President Yang Baohua accept the" Outlook "Newsweek interview introduced the.

Witnessed three major milestone in the development of space technology

"Outlook": China's space industry has experienced a kind of process?

Yang Baohua: China's space technology development began in the late 20th century, 50, is relatively weak in the basic industries, technology is relatively backward conditions, independently developed. After 40 years of hard work, innovation, supporting the establishment of a complete spacecraft research, design, manufacture and testing system, out of a suitable national conditions of China, has its own unique path of development. China's satellite technology and manned space technology has made a major breakthrough, achieved leapfrog development, and made remarkable achievements.

In brief, there are three milestone events:

First, April 24, 1970, China successfully developed and launched the first artificial Earth satellite "East is Red" on the 1st, made a historic breakthrough in China's space technology, China has become the world's first independently develop and launch satellites countries, from beginning the prelude to China's space activities.

The "East is Red" at onset, our satellite technology in the eighties of the 20th century to achieve a series of seven major breakthrough, April 8, 1984, China's first geostationary communications satellite experiment, "East is Red" was successfully launched on the 2nd; September 7, 1988, "FY" off, China has become the world's first self-developed and launched three polar orbit meteorological satellite countries ... ...

80 since the late 20th century, China's satellite technology has achieved a series of major breakthroughs, made many new achievements continuously. The latest success is January 17, 2010 the third Beidou navigation satellite was successfully launched, marking the Compass Navigation Satellite System Project has taken an important step, the satellite network is on schedule and progressing steadily.

Second, October 15, 2003 to 16, China successfully launched and retrieved the "Shenzhou V" manned spacecraft, the first manned spaceflight was a complete success, China's space technology has made a new historic breakthrough, China has become The world's first manned space flight technology to master the three independent countries.

"Shenzhou VII" to achieve extravehicular activity, we carried out a follow-up manned space mission to develop the second phase, initial plans to launch a space after the 2011 target aircraft, "Temple One", followed by an unmanned spacecraft for rendezvous and docking. "Temple," is the weight and the "Shenzhou VII" rather, use it to complete and spacecraft rendezvous and docking. Launch of the "temple," within two years, China will launch Shenzhou successively on the 8th, the 9th Shenzhou Shenzhou spacecraft on the 10th, respectively, and the "temple," the completion of space rendezvous and docking.

Third, October 24, 2007, successfully launched the Chang'e I satellite has taken the field of deep space exploration in China to enter the first step.

World have proved effective integration

"Outlook": from "The East is Red" at the successful launch has made China's space technology, what results?

Yang Baohua: 40 years, China's space technology is widely used in economic construction, scientific and technological development, national defense and social progress, and achieved fruitful results.

Sensing satellites is a major survey for land remote sensing satellite. After 30 years of development, the satellite will significantly increase the working hours in orbit from 3 days to 27 days, so far launched 22 satellites and recovery, access to a lot of valuable space remote sensing data. These data meet the needs of national defense construction, and is widely used in urban and rural planning, geological exploration, forest survey, oil exploration, port construction, marine surveying, mapping, selection of railway lines and archaeological research.

Satellite telecommunications and broadcasting technologies are developing rapidly, increasingly widespread application, application industry has taken shape, "East is Red", in which communication and broadcasting satellites play an important role, "East is Red" on the 3rd telecommunications satellites have been incorporated into our system of satellite telecommunications and broadcasting services, the promotion of satellite communications, satellite broadcasting and satellite education, the rapid development of high technology and business applications. The launch of satellite radio and television services and applications, greatly improved the national radio and television, Te Bie is the vast rural areas of the effective coverage range of radio and television coverage and quality; satellite communications in the "Every Village Phone" Gong Cheng in the Zhong Yao played a role can not be replaced ; satellite tele-education broadband network and a satellite tele-medicine network have begun to take shape, strongly support the distance education and telemedicine development; finance, weather, traffic, oil, water resources, civil aviation, power and dozens of departments to establish a satellite dedicated communications network to provide services to many departments, has achieved remarkable economic and social benefits.

"FY" and "Feng Yun" have been put into operational meteorological satellite applications, the initial realization of operations and series, in weather forecasting, climate prediction, weather research, monitoring natural disasters and ecological environment has played an important role.

"Resource One" and "resource on the 2nd" earth resource satellite launched successfully and business operations, changes in sectors of our long-term application of satellite remote sensing satellite of the state dependent on foreign resources, created a new situation of China's satellite remote sensing applications. Resource satellites has been widely used in agriculture, forestry, geology, water resources, mining, environmental protection and land resources survey, urban planning, disaster monitoring and other fields, and has become the business of many of our resources and environment monitoring system, an important source of information. Resource Satellite Data in the Western Development, a major natural disaster monitoring and large-scale land improvement projects in other countries to play an essential important role as China's economic construction and social development has provided strong support.

"Marine One" satellite is China's first test for the detection of ocean color satellite-based services, primarily for development and utilization of marine living resources, coastal engineering, estuaries governance, marine environmental monitoring, environmental protection, provide important information for service . Its successful operation, indicates that China has entered the field of satellite remote sensing in the marine world, the ranks of advanced countries.

"Compass" navigation satellite for China to establish first-generation satellite navigation and positioning system - "Compass navigation system," laid the foundation, the system is all-weather, all-time satellite navigation information to provide a regional navigation system. The system navigation and positioning, two-way communication, and precise time together, for the road traffic, railway transport, maritime operations, forest fire prevention, disaster forecast and other special industry provides high-precision positioning, timing and short-message communication service, and show broad application prospects. "Compass navigation system" set up, indicates that China has made breakthroughs in satellite navigation technology, China has become the world's first to establish three independent satellite navigation system.

Using various kinds of "practice" a scientific exploration and technological experiment satellites, and the implementation of Geospace Double Star Exploration Program, a series of space exploration and space science experiments projects, contributed greatly to China's space science innovation and development. In May 1999 launched the "practice of the 5th" satellite is China's first modern small satellites and the space environment radiation detection, space fluid science experiments, made important detection and experimental results.

Launched in the early 21st century, "Detection One" and "Probe II" satellites, mainly for solar activity, magnetic storms and other space science and exploration research, together with the European Space Agency's four space exploration satellite, achieved the first time in human history six joint exploration of Earth space, made some with the level of originality and forward the results.

"Shenzhou" spacecraft the astronauts into space, Earth observation technology has made important progress, greatly increased the Earth's environment and our resources, agriculture and natural disaster monitoring. In space science, carried out space life science, space materials science, microgravity science, space astronomy and other fields of a number of experiments and observations, complete the date of our most comprehensive system of space science programs, and achieved an international level experimental and observational results, some experimental and theoretical studies of space to reach the international advanced level.

Technology roadmap for future space

"Outlook": the future of China's space technology development will focus on what?

Yang Baohua: China will start the implementation of high-resolution Earth observation, manned space and lunar exploration and other major projects in the next 15 years to achieve leapfrog development; ahead of deployment and the development of several cutting-edge technology, striving to achieve major breakthroughs in the next fifteen years to reach the world advanced level, thus boosting the comprehensive development of China's space industry.

The next five years, China's satellite technology development targets and major tasks is to develop new meteorological satellites, oceanic satellites, Earth resources satellites, stereo mapping satellites, and environmental and disaster monitoring satellites, launch and implement the high-resolution Earth observation system , initially formed long-term stable operation of satellite earth observation system; develop long-life, high reliability and large capacity geostationary orbit telecommunications satellites and direct TV broadcasting satellite, to establish a relatively complete satellite telecommunications and broadcasting system, and more satellites for foreign development of long life , high reliability and large capacity communications satellite in geostationary orbit; improve the Compass navigation satellite test system, development of new navigation and positioning satellites, step by step the establishment of China's satellite navigation and positioning systems; development of space telescopes and other scientific satellites and space science observations and experiments; development of new technology test satellites, new technologies, new materials such as space flight validation.

Meanwhile, in the field of manned spaceflight to complete the second phase of China's manned space mission the first phase of follow-up, conduct experiments on spacecraft rendezvous and docking. To carry out short-term manned and long-term autonomously orbiting space laboratories, preliminary study.

In the field of deep space exploration, lunar exploration carried out the second phase - the lunar soft landing and automatic inspections investigation of the preliminary study.

In the "12 5" period, China's space technology development will be in accordance with the overall national planning, the establishment of multi-functional and multi-track, composed by a variety of national space satellite system infrastructure, and the formation of complete satellite ground application system, continuous , long-term stable operation of the earth integrated network system; to complete the second phase of China's manned space mission, built in short-term care, long-term autonomously orbiting space laboratories, manned space launch follow-up; the completion of China's lunar exploration 2 phase of the project tasks and achieve a soft landing and lunar lunar probe automatic inspection survey, carried out preliminary exploration of the moon Phase III study, and ultimately the lunar sample automatic sample return.

In addition, in due course for further research on Mars exploration, and gradually more distant from the moon to deep space forward. □

"Innovation is always the soul of the development of space technology,"

Text / "Outlook" Newsweek reporter Chen Zewei

China Academy of Space Technology established in February 20, 1968, its purpose is to spread during the Cultural Revolution technology in various sectors together to promote the development of China's space industry. From the first-term president, the founder of China's space industry Qian, the Chinese history of space technology development will be closely linked with the Chinese Academy of Space Technology.

In "East is Red" on the 1st, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology has independently developed and successfully launched Sputnik more than 80 satellites, 7 "Shenzhou" spacecraft and China's first lunar probe "Chang'e One" in the satellite , manned spaceflight and deep-space exploration of three areas of space technology to achieve a new leap forward, a number of technology into advanced in the world 40 years ago has won national science and technology more than 60 awards, including the national science and technology a top award 5 ; by Scientific and Technological Progress Award for the past 2000.

China Academy of Space Technology President Yang Baohua said: "China's space undertakings with the fundamental corresponding to the three major milestones, from its inception, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology in the development and growth has gone through three stages."

"70 to 80 on the mid-century, this one 15 years is the initial stage of the development of space technology. As the lifeline of national economy and science and technology related to the development of key technologies, space technology can not be bought, and must rely on their own efforts to master . then the international environment determine that China's space business from the start, go on a independent, self-reliance and independent innovation in the space career development path. "Yang Baohua said:" and this stage, it is also the Chinese Academy of Space Technology startup. Dangshi Research Institute has just been established, faced with the necessary development of satellite production, processing equipment shortage, test, test equipment missing, resources, staff shortages, many Western countries, technical blockade difficult. 'The East is Red' on the 1st satellite successfully developed the experience of one of the launch is limited by selecting the target, the implementation of key breakthroughs in state funding is more limited and relatively weak industrial base under conditions to achieve leapfrog development.

"From the mid 80s of last century to 15th century, China's space cause upheld or innovation." Yang Baohua said: "This stage, the Institute through independent innovation, the satellite recovery, multi-satellite, Earth synchronous orbit Communications satellite development, on land remote sensing satellites, meteorological satellites and other technical fields, among the world advanced level, with a group of independent intellectual property rights of core and key technologies. Meanwhile, management changes come along, from the 70s' Assembly battle 'mode, the subject of the early 80s developed model, changes in project management. "

Yang Baohua said: "The 21st century, we recognize that management of innovation and technological innovation as important, the development of China's space cause more attention to management innovation, both technological innovation and management innovation. In the past, engaged in scientific research is our strength, practice management, engaged in production We will not walk. But now Institute is the research department from a traditional large-scale space research and production to the Commonwealth of transition, increasing in the project, the task has been increasing cases, spacecraft engineering and complex systems, technology-intensive, extensive cooperation, investment Japan high risks, making management of innovation is very important. At present, our research and production model has been translated into program management, project management model that is more, the intensive resources, improve efficiency, ensure cost-effectiveness, but also greatly increased the spacecraft the success rate of development. "

"Of course, while the emphasis on management innovation, technological innovation must not be complacent. This has always been China's space technology development in the soul." Yang Baohua said.
 

Core Tip: Taiwan's "Defense Ministry" in March issued a report, the current legal system of the Taiwan military equipment, "Mirage" fighter and "The State" aircraft have been fully behind on the mainland, Su -30 and -10 F, only F -16 can barely resist the plane. The report analyzes the performance of aircraft and missiles, said the current performance of the PLA's Su-30, the strongest, while the Phantom is equipped with the Mica missile range on the mainland are not, and Air Force missile.

 

Data Figure: Taiwan IDF fighter upgrade configuration of the "Eagle" fighter.

 

Data Figure: Taiwan took off from the road Mirage 2000-5 fighters.

International reporting online on April 26 with J -10, -30, and other advanced Soviet fighters continue to join the People's Liberation Army Air Force, Taiwan Air Force on their own wealth and the more lack of confidence. According to Russian defense network has revealed that Taiwan's military deliberately leaked in mid-March a report of cross-strait air force, exposes the Air Force fighters face of the continent.

Full backward continent fighter

At present, the Taiwan Air Force has included American-made F-16A / B fighters, F-5 "Tiger" fighters, the rule of law, "Mirage" -2 000 fighters and homegrown "by country" fighter, on the East Asian range of view, the Air Force still with strong strength. However, the mainland has always loved and still engage in contrast to the Taiwan Air Force, too little on the number of three generations of machine status to heart. According to "the Taipei Times," the English websites of Taiwan's "Defense Ministry" in March issued a report, the current legal system of Taiwan military equipment, "Mirage" aircraft and "by country" is fully behind fighter Su -30 and the mainland J -10, only F-16 fighters can barely resist the mainland.

According to the Taiwan military sources said both sides of the Taiwan Air Force fighters recently made some computer simulation comparison. The results showed that the PLA Air Force and the Soviet Union in the -30 is the most powerful of its fighting capacity of Taiwan-grown "by country" fighter of 1.7 times the "Phantom" was 2.8 times. J -10 homegrown the mainland, Taiwan also did not dare underestimate, simulated combat results show that the fighting has reached F -10 F-16A / B 88%, is the "ghost" of 1.36 times that of "a country" of 1.52 times.

Shore of Taiwan, the sight of two air power, "one-sided" result, there may be "missile gap" factor. For example, the "Phantom" equipment, "Mika" series missile has a range of only about 60 km, not only with the R-77 -30 Soviet missiles, F -10's "Thunderbolt" -12 missile range of more than 100 km , not even as Taiwan's TK-2 missile. If Taiwan's military data given is true, does indeed come to Taiwan's overall weaker than that of the plane fighter conclusions.

Difficult to eliminate inferior equipment

This time-based contrast, the Taiwan Air Force arrogate to itself the plane, "There is no advantage," and only buy the F-16 advanced to make up. Taiwan's military said in a statement: "China is continuously strengthening its air power, military power has been uneven both sides, (Taiwan) Air Force should strive to introduce F-16C / D." As an echo of the U.S. Pacific commander 罗伯特威拉Germany also claims that, in order to catch up with the rapid development of China military pace, the future of Taiwan must upgrade fighter aircraft performance. Willard believes that over the past 10 years, between Taiwan and mainland China's military development of the widening gap, "the fighters needed better performance."

For more old F-5 and other second-generation fighter, the Western media believe that Taiwan can "make the best use." United States, "Strategy Page" of military news network reported that Taiwan's air force currently there are about 60 F-5 "Tiger" fighters, the Su -30 fighter could not fight, but still dealing with the PLA fighters and F--7 bombers. But I believe that cross-strait military power compared to the continental slope has become an irreversible trend. China has been able to separate volume J -10, F -11, and other advanced aircraft, it is by the Taiwan military to buy US-made equipment can not match. In addition, the modernization of the director by the AWACS air battle, and seeks bomber attack on the old equipment has become almost impossible task.

Taiwan's arms purchase from the settlement cycle

In fact, the mainland by air superiority is not the intention to suppress Taiwan, the Taiwan military has been stuck in the cycle of blind comparisons can not extricate themselves. In order to check the U.S. mainland, but also some less willing to sell Taiwan advanced weapons, while intended to stir up tensions in the Taiwan Strait, on the other hand also the company opened its arms sales. However, from the strategic level, since taking into account the overall situation of Sino-US relations, the United States to sell Taiwan the most sophisticated weapons and equipment (such as the F-35 fighter) is getting increasingly slim. Therefore, Taiwan can only be extremely expensive to buy weapons is relatively low, short-term loss of technical superiority, the on again for military procurement, so again, since the deadlock.

At the moment is showing a gradual relaxation of the big trends, Taiwan should seize the opportunity to take the initiative to goodwill and sincerity, rather than one side set up an imaginary enemy, while trying to rely on expansion of US-made military equipment.
 

Core Tip: In recent years, a division of the North Sea Fleet Air Force equipment listed as a type of warning aircraft using radar equipment imports, the use of poor maintenance of the challenges encountered. Later, new radar system through key research principles to the problems one by one rule and will improve system stability and reliability to a new level.
 In recent years, the Navy shipped -8 guard column installed boot machine. Y-8 guard machine is the "search of water 2000MS" models of the radar, machine head is huge radome. The radar introduced from the United Kingdom. Liberation Army Daily reported on April 26 with China's territorial waters over thousands of miles, there is a cloud and fog, repeatedly perform outstanding sea and air reconnaissance troops. They are known as "sea-air-day focus," the North Sea Fleet Air Force division. In recent years, the division completed one after another warning aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft such as four types of information, modified task success. Behind the success is an excellent group of committed support of senior engineer. To polish "sea-air-day focus," they own research, to ensure that the new aircraft and equipment readiness rate of 100%, there have been more than 50 people received more than 60 military science and technology progress awards, 30 of them filling the army, navy fighter maintenance procedures and maintenance of technology gaps. To break the